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\"For the Crunk Feminist Collective, their academic day jobs were lacking in conversations they actually wanted-relevant, real conversations about how race and gender politics intersect with pop culture and current events. To address this void, they started a blog. Now with an annual readership of nearly one million, their posts foster dialogue about activist methods, intersectionality, and sisterhood. And the writers' personal identities-as black women; as sisters, daughters, and lovers; and as television watchers, sports fans, and music lovers-are never far from the discussion at hand. These essays explore \"Sex and Power in the Black Church,\" discuss how \"Clair Huxtable is Dead,\" list \"Five Ways Talib Kweli Can Become a Better Ally to Women in Hip Hop,\" and dwell on \"Dating with a Doctorate (She Got a Big Ego?).\" Self-described as \"critical homegirls,\" the authors tackle life stuck between loving hip hop and ratchet culture while hating patriarchy, misogyny, and sexism. Brittney Cooper is an assistant professor at Rutgers University. In addition to a weekly column in Salon.com, her words have appeared in the New York Times, the Washington Post, Cosmo.com, and many others. In 2013 and 2014, she was named to the Root.com's Root 100, an annual list of Top Black Influencers. Susana M. Morris received her Ph.D. from Emory University and is currently an associate professor of English at Auburn University. Robin M. Boylorn is assistant professor at the University of Alabama. She is the author of the award-winning monograph Sweetwater: Black Women and Narratives of Resilience (Peter Lang, 2013)\"-- Provided by publisher.

Earth’s deep mantle hosts enigmatic structures known as Large Low Velocity Provinces (LLVPs), which sit atop the core–mantle boundary and influence mantle dynamics and plume generation. Understanding their origin is central to reconstructing Earth’s early thermal and compositional evolution. Several hypotheses suggest that present-day LLVPs are the disrupted remnants of a globally continuous dense layer that formed early in Earth’s history. In this study, we show that a laterally continuous, non-convecting proto-LLVP layer would have severely inhibited strong plume formation and suppressed upper mantle melting throughout the Archean contradicting extensive geological evidence for widespread volcanism and early crust formation. By incorporating melting in global mantle convection models, we find that even high mantle potential temperatures, increased radiogenic heating in the basal layer, and elevated core-mantle boundary temperatures cannot overcome the thermal and physical barrier imposed by a continuous non-convecting basal layer. These findings rule out the scenario of a globally continuous basal layer in early Earth, prior to modern-style plate tectonics, and instead support hypotheses of LLVP formation as spatially separate or later-evolving structures. By reconciling mantle dynamics with observed Archean melting signatures, this study places strong constraints on the timing and geometry of LLVP formation, advancing our understanding of Earth’s early thermal evolution and the origin of deep mantle anomalies.

Gas supply to the stars Star formation requires the presence of cold molecular gas, which makes up only a small fraction of the total mass of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies where only a few new stars are formed per year. To establish whether the rapid star formation occurring in distant massive galaxies reflects a greater supply of cold gas or a more efficient process of star formation, gas content was surveyed in massive-star-forming galaxies at two cosmic epochs — at redshifts of approximately 1.2 and 2.3, when the Universe was 40% and 24% of its current age. The results reveal that distant star-forming galaxies were indeed gas rich and that the star-formation efficiency is not strongly dependent on cosmic epoch. The average fraction of cold gas relative to total galaxy mass is three to ten times higher in distant galaxies than in today's massive spiral galaxies. Stars form from cold molecular interstellar gas, which is relatively rare in the local Universe, such that galaxies like the Milky Way form only a few new stars per year. However, typical massive galaxies in the distant Universe formed stars much more rapidly, suggesting that young galaxies were more rich in molecular gas. The results of a survey of molecular gas in samples of typical massive star-forming galaxies when the Universe was 40% and 24% of its current age now reveal that distant star-forming galaxies were indeed gas rich. Stars form from cold molecular interstellar gas. As this is relatively rare in the local Universe, galaxies like the Milky Way form only a few new stars per year. Typical massive galaxies in the distant Universe formed stars an order of magnitude more rapidly 1 , 2 . Unless star formation was significantly more efficient, this difference suggests that young galaxies were much more molecular-gas rich. Molecular gas observations in the distant Universe have so far largely been restricted to very luminous, rare objects, including mergers and quasars 3 , 4 , 5 , and accordingly we do not yet have a clear idea about the gas content of more normal (albeit massive) galaxies. Here we report the results of a survey of molecular gas in samples of typical massive-star-forming galaxies at mean redshifts < z > of about 1.2 and 2.3, when the Universe was respectively 40% and 24% of its current age. Our measurements reveal that distant star forming galaxies were indeed gas rich, and that the star formation efficiency is not strongly dependent on cosmic epoch. The average fraction of cold gas relative to total galaxy baryonic mass at z = 2.3 and z = 1.2 is respectively about 44% and 34%, three to ten times higher than in today’s massive spiral galaxies 6 . The slow decrease between z  ≈ 2 and z  ≈ 1 probably requires a mechanism of semi-continuous replenishment of fresh gas to the young galaxies.

The application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on agricultural landscapes has the potential to generate concerns of environmental degradation at fine to coarse scales across the catchment and landscape. Inorganic nitrogen species (NO3(-), NO2(-), and NH3) are typically associated with subsurface flow processes; however, surface runoff from rainfall events in no-till agriculture with inorganic surface fertilizers might contribute to downstream eutrophication. Inorganic nitrogen reduction capacity of agricultural drainage ditches under no-till cotton was determined under natural, variable rainfall conditions in northern Mississippi. Monthly grab baseflow samples and storm-generated flow samples were variably sampled temporally within two experimental farm ditches over 2 yr. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations, in conjunction with Manning's equation and Natural Resources Conservation Service dimensionless hydrographs, provided individual water volumes per storm event and thus maximum effluent and outflow nitrogen loads. Base and stormflow regression results indicate drainage ditches reducing NO3- and NH3 over the length of the ditch for growing and dormant seasons. Overall, maximum storm loads of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the farm over the 2-yr sampling period accounted for 2.2% of the initial fertilizer application, of which 1.1% left the ditch (0.84 kg ha-1 yr-1) (a 57% ditch reduction of DIN load over 2 yr). Long-term sampling incorporating data on application and loss of fertilizers and farm management will provide critical information for farmers and scientists on the potential of economic gains and downstream ecosystem eutrophication, respectively.

Super‐continental insulation refers to an increase in mantle temperature below a supercontinent due to the heat transfer inefficiency of thick, stagnant continental lithosphere relative to thinner, subducting oceanic lithosphere. We use thermal network theory, numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments to provide tighter physical insight into this process. We isolate two end‐member dynamic regimes. In the thermally well mixed regime the insulating effect of continental lithosphere can not cause a localized increase in mantle temperature due to the efficiency of lateral mixing in the mantle. In this regime the potential temperature of the entire mantle is higher than it would be without continents, the magnitude depending on the relative thickness of continental and oceanic lithosphere (i.e., the insulating effects of continental lithosphere are communicated to the entire mantle). Thermal mixing can be short circuited if subduction zones surround a supercontinent or if the convective flow pattern of the mantle becomes spatially fixed relative to a stationary supercontinent. This causes a transition to the thermal isolation regime: The potential temperature increases below a supercontinent whereas the potential temperature below oceanic domains drops such that the average temperature of the whole mantle remains constant. Transition into this regime would thus involve an increase in the suboceanic viscosity, due to local cooling, and consequently a decrease in the rate of oceanic lithosphere overturn. Transition out of this regime can involve the unleashing of flow driven by a large lateral temperature gradient, which will enhance global convective motions. Our analysis highlights that transitions between the two states, in either direction, will effect not only the mantle below a supercontinent but also the mantle below oceanic regions. This provides a larger set of predictions that can be compared to the geologic record to help determine if a hypothesized super‐continental thermal effect did or did not occur on our planet. Key Points Supercontinents can cause a global transition in the thermal state of the mantle Supercontinent breakup has global effects from the core to climate Previous convection models that disagreed were mapping different regimes

The Wisconsin Plasma Astrophysics Laboratory (WiPAL) is a flexible user facility designed to study a range of astrophysically relevant plasma processes as well as novel geometries that mimic astrophysical systems. A multi-cusp magnetic bucket constructed from strong samarium cobalt permanent magnets now confines a $10~\\text{m}^{3}$ , fully ionized, magnetic-field-free plasma in a spherical geometry. Plasma parameters of $T_{e}\\approx 5$ to $20~\\text{eV}$ and $n_{e}\\approx 10^{11}$ to $5\\times 10^{12}~\\text{cm}^{-3}$ provide an ideal testbed for a range of astrophysical experiments, including self-exciting dynamos, collisionless magnetic reconnection, jet stability, stellar winds and more. This article describes the capabilities of WiPAL, along with several experiments, in both operating and planning stages, that illustrate the range of possibilities for future users.

The increasingly urgent need to develop knowledge and practices to manage flood risks drives innovative information design. However, experts often disagree about design practices. As a result, flood‐risk estimates can diverge, leading to different conclusions for decision‐making. Using examples of household‐scale fluvial (riverine) flood‐risk information in the United States, we assess design features and risk communication approaches that may lead to more actionable information for decision‐making. We argue that increased attention to uncertainty characterization and model diagnostics is a critical intermediate step for developing simpler approaches for designing flood‐risk information. Simpler frameworks are desirable because flood risks change over time, and simpler frameworks are less costly to update. Developing frameworks for large spatial domains require collaboration grounded in principles of open science. Finally, systematically evaluating how decision‐makers access and use information can provide new insights to guide risk communication and information design. Plain Language Summary Climate change can cause temperatures to rise and precipitation to become more extreme. The impacts of these changes on flooding vary in space and time and are uncertain. For example, changes in future flooding differ between urban and rural areas. We discuss the diversity of available approaches for creating flood‐risk information. We suggest avenues for improvement, including (a) refining model diagnostics and uncertainty characterization to identify simpler model frameworks; (b) increasing information transparency and accessibility; and (c) improving understanding of links between decision‐making and risk communication. Key Points Designing flood‐risk information for decisions about property‐scale flood adaptation poses nontrivial conceptual and operational challenges Many national‐scale flood‐risk estimates fail to account for regional flood‐risk dynamics, especially information that integrates projected future changes Promising avenues toward more actionable flood‐risk information include improving uncertainty characterization, design transparency, and risk communication

Phosphorus (P) loading from nonpoint sources, such as agricultural landscapes, contributes to downstream aquatic ecosystem degradation. Specifically, within the Mississippi watershed, enriched runoff contributions have far-reaching consequences for coastal water eutrophication and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Through storm events, the P mitigation capacity of agricultural drainage ditches under no-till cotton was determined for natural and variable rainfall conditions in north Mississippi. Over 2 yr, two experimental ditches were sampled monthly for total inorganic P concentrations in baseflow and on an event-driven basis for stormflows. Phosphorus concentrations, Manning's equations with a range of roughness coefficients for changes in vegetative densities within the ditches, and discharge volumes from Natural Resources Conservation Service dimensionless hydrographs combined to determine ranges in maximum and outflow storm P loads from the farms. Baseflow regressions and percentage reductions with P concentrations illustrated that the ditches alternated between being a sink and source for dissolved inorganic P and particulate P concentrations throughout the year. Storm event loads resulted in 5.5% of the annual applied fertilizer to be transported into the drainage ditches. The ditches annually reduced 43.92 ± 3.12% of the maximum inorganic effluent P load before receiving waters. Agricultural drainage ditches exhibited a fair potential for P mitigation and thus warrant future work on controlled drainage to improve mitigation capacity.

The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way 1 , 2 . Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation 3 , 4 . Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z  = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies 5 , 6 . Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z phot  ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass ( M ★  = 3.9 × 10 9  M ⊙ ) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way 7 – 9 , in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z  ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z  = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago) 10 , 11 . We report observations of ceers-2112 that show that this galaxy, at a redshift of 3, unexpectedly has a barred spiral structure.

The fecal coliform, Escherichia coli , is a historical organism for the detection of fecal pollution in water supplies. The presence of E. coli indicates a potential contamination of the water supply by other more hazardous human pathogens. In order to accurately determine the presence and degree of fecal contamination, it is important that standard methods approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency are designed to determine the presence of E. coli in a water supply, and distinguish E. coli from other coliform bacteria (e.g. Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Enterobacter ). These genera of bacteria are present not only in fecal matter, but also in soil and runoff water and are not good indicators of fecal contamination. There is also ambiguity in determining a positive result for fecal coliforms on M-FC filters by a blue colony. When all variations of blue, including light blue or glossy blue, were examined, confirmation methods agreed with the positive M-FC result less often than when colonies that the technician would merely call “blue”, with no descriptors, were examined. Approximately 48 % of M-FC positive colonies were found to be E. coli with 4 methylumbelliferyl-β- D -glucuronide (MUG), and only 23 % of samples producing a positive result on M-FC media were found to be E. coli using API-20E test strips and current API-20E profiles. The majority of other M-FC blue colonies were found to be Klebsiella or were unidentifiable with current API-20E profiles. Two positive M-FC colonies were found to be Kluyvera with API-20E, both of which cleaved MUG and produced fluorescence under UV light, a characteristic used to differentiate E. coli from other fecal coliforms.