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Addressing and accommodating client preferences in psychotherapy have been consistently associated with improved treatment outcomes; however, few clinically useful and psychometrically acceptable measures are available for this purpose. The aim of this study was to develop a brief, multidimensional clinical tool to help clients articulate the therapist style they desire in psychotherapy or counseling. An online survey composed of 40 therapy preference items was completed by 860 respondents, primarily female (n=699), British (n=650), White (n=761), and mental health professionals themselves (n=615). Principal components analysis resulted in four scales that accounted for 39% of the total variance: Therapist Directiveness vs. Client Directiveness, Emotional Intensity vs. Emotional Reserve, Past Orientation vs. Present Orientation, and Warm Support vs. Focused Challenge. These scales map well onto dimensions of therapist activity and cover most of the major preference dimensions identified in the research literature. Internal consistency coefficients ranged between .60 and .85 (M=.71). Tentative cutoff points for strong preferences on each dimension were established. The 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a multidimensional measure with clinical utility, but additional validity data are needed. Abordar y acomodar las preferencias del cliente en psicoterapia se asoció consistentemente con mejoras en los resultados del tratamiento; sin embargo, pocas medidas clínicamente útiles y psicométricamente aceptables están disponibles para este propósito. El objetivo fue desarrollar una herramienta clínica multidimensional breve para ayudar a que los clientes articulen el estilo terapéutico que desean en la psicoterapia o consejería. Una encuesta online compuesta por 40 ítems de preferencias de terapia fue completada por 860 sujetos, principalmente mujeres (n=699), británicos (n=650), blancos (n=761) y profesionales de la salud mental (n=615). Un análisis de componentes principales aisló cuatro escalas que representan el 39% de la varianza total: Directividad del terapeuta vs. Directividad del cliente, Intensidad emocional vs. Reserva emocional, Orientación pasada vs. Orientación presente y Apoyo caluroso vs. Cambio focalizado. Estas escalas recogen las dimensiones de la actividad del terapeuta y cubren la mayoría de las principales dimensiones de preferencias identificadas en la literatura. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna oscilaron entre 0,60 y 0,85 (M=0,71). Se establecieron puntos de corte provisionales para fuertes preferencias en cada dimensión. El Inventario de Preferencias Cooper-Norcross-18 ítems (C-NIP) es una medida multidimensional con utilidad clínica, pero se necesitan datos adicionales de validez.

يتناول الكتاب العلاج الوجودي وهو أحد أنواع العلاجات النفسية والهدف منها مساعدة العملاء ليصبحوا أكثر أصالة وإدراك لجوانب وجودهم والعيش من خلال خبراتهم ومعتقداتهم الفعلية مع تشجعهم علي الانفتاح وتقبل تلك المعطيات حتى السلبية منها والتعايش معها والي حد كبير يشبه الإرشاد النفسي القائم على أسس فلسفية. الكتاب إلى حد كبير أكاديمي ومركز وغزير المعلومات الفصل الأول بدأ بتوضيح أسس الفلسفة الوجودية المستخدمة في العلاج، وفي باقي الفصول عرض لمدارس العلاج المختلفة.

Tropical storms (TS) are important drivers of short-term changes and affects the coastal and marine environment. Based on in situ observational data from four locations in the coastal area of the northern Beibu Gulf and satellite data, we analyzed the changes in temperature, salinity, and turbidity during the transit of TS “Wipha” in 2019 and assessed the environmental factors controlling chlorophyll a concenteation (Chl- a ) increases in the coastal area. Our results showed that in the coastal area, the growth of phytoplankton after the TS was mainly controlled by the nutrient and light availability. The increased input of freshwater by TS, including direct inputs from rainfall and increased river discharge, reduced the salinity. The decrease in salinity may indicate an increased input of nutrient-rich freshwater at all four stations (nutrients input: S1>S2>S3>S4). Nutrient concentration at S1, S2, and S3 implied by salinity was high, but that at S4 was limited. The shorter recovery time of turbidity after TS indicated the faster improvement of light conditions in this area [recovery time: S4 (2 days)< S1 (3 days)< S3 (5 days)< S2 (10 days)]. The high turbidity associated with poor light penetration was an important factor limiting phytoplankton growth at station 2, with a slow recovery of the turbidity to pre-TS levels. The rapid recovery of the turbidity to the pre-TS levels at S1, S3, and S4 suggested good light conditions soon after the TS, and probably led to a significant increase in Chl- a after the TS ([Chl- a ]: S1>S3>S4). The less of an increase of Chl- a at S4 was not only related to nutrient restriction but also related to weak mixing of the water column, while the least significant decrease in the SST at S4 implied that the enhancing mixing after TS was limited.

\"What can child and adolescent counselors and therapists learn from research? What evidence is there for the effectiveness of different therapies and techniques? How can developmental or neuroscience research inform or inspire therapeutic work with young people? The book provides the answers to these questions and more. Leading experts in the field take you through the latest research findings in child and adolescent therapy, discussing how each is relevant to the work of practitioners.\"--Provided by publisher.

Background One in ten children in Britain have been identified as experiencing a diagnosable mental health disorder. School-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) may help young people identify, address, and overcome psychological distress. Data from four pilot trials suggest that SBHC may be clinically effective. However, a fully powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) is needed to provide a robust test of its effectiveness, to assess its cost-effectiveness, and to determine the process of change. Methods/design The Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness Trial of Humanistic Counselling in Schools (ETHOS) is a two-arm, parallel-group RCT comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of SBHC with Pastoral Care as Usual (PCAU) in school settings. Eligibility criteria for young people include being between 13 and 16 years of age and experiencing moderate to severe levels of emotional distress. Participants are randomised to receive either SBHC or PCAU. SBHC is delivered in up to 10 weekly, individual sessions in their school with a qualified, experienced counsellor who has also received training using a clinical practice manual. Adherence to the SBHC model is assessed by a sub-team of auditors and in clinical supervision. PCAU consists of the schools’ pre-existing systems for supporting the emotional health and well-being of students. The primary outcomes are psychological distress measured using the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) and costs evaluated using the Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI). Secondary outcomes include psychological difficulties, levels of depression, anxiety and self-esteem, well-being, school engagement, educational outcomes and achievement of personal goals. Qualitative interviews with participants, parents and school staff will look to identify the mechanisms of change in SBHC. Researchers administering the measures are blind to allocation. The trial requires n = 306 participants ( n = 153 in each group), with 90% power to detect a standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.5. An intention-to-treat analysis will be undertaken. Discussion This RCT is powered to detect clinically meaningful differences, and will make a major contribution to the evidence base for mental health provision for adolescents. It will have implications for all stakeholders, including policy-makers, statutory advisory bodies for child welfare, head teachers, children and young people practitioners, child welfare and parenting organisations, and young people. Trial registration Controlled Trials International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Registry, ID: ISRCTN10460622 . Registered on 11 May 2016.

Aims The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial comparing six weeks of humanistic school-based counselling versus waiting list in the reduction of emotional distress in young people, and to obtain initial indications of efficacy. Methods Following a screening procedure, young people (13 - 15 years old) who experienced emotional distress were randomised to either humanistic counselling or waiting list in this multi-site study. Outcomes were assessed using a range of self-report mental health measures, with the emotional symptoms subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) acting as the primary outcome indicator. Results Recruitment procedures were successful, with 32 young people consenting to participate in the trial and 27 completing endpoint measures. Trial procedures were acceptable to all involved in the research. No significant differences were found between the counselling and waiting list groups in reductions in levels of emotional symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.03), but clients allocated to counselling showed significantly greater improvement in prosocial behaviour ( g = 0.89) with an average effect size ( g ) across the nine outcome measures of 0.25. Participants with higher levels of depressive symptoms showed significantly greater change. Conclusion This study suggested that a randomised controlled trial of counselling in schools is acceptable and feasible, although initial indications of efficacy are mixed. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN68290510.

This qualitative study aimed to establish aspects of humanistic therapy that young people (13–16 years old) perceived as helpful and hindering, and to test a novel method for identifying perceived processes of change. A “medium q” thematic analysis was conducted followed by a coding-based “process of change analysis.” Participants were 50 young people in London schools who experienced moderate or severe emotional symptoms and had participated in up to 10 sessions of a school-based humanistic intervention. Participants were predominantly female and ethnically heterogeneous. Therapist qualities most often perceived as helpful were affiliative in nature. Unhelpful therapist activities were silences and a lack of input. Young people described feeling free to talk and open up. Helpful outcomes included feeling unburdened, gaining insight, and improving relationships. “Getting things off their chest,” “Advice and guidance,” “Modeling relationships,” and “insights to behavior change” were identified as specific processes of change in over 50% of young people. Approximately one-third felt hindered by a lack of therapist input, silences, or not feeling able to open up or trust. These findings indicate the potential value of an active, “process guiding” stance in humanistic therapy. Our process of change analysis has potential for identifying perceived change mechanisms in therapy. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant reference ES/M011933/1]. Anonymized qualitative interview transcripts are available on request to the First Author/Chief Investigator. Quantitative, participant-level data for the ETHOS study (with data dictionary), and related documents (e.g., parental consent form), are available via the ReShare UK Data Service ( reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/853764/ ). Access requires ReShare registration. Highlights This study examined young people’s perceptions of what was helpful and unhelpful in humanistic therapy, and processes of change. Humanistic therapy may be helpful for young people by allowing them to get things off their chests, obtain advice, model positive relationships, and develop insights. Approximately one-third of young people wanted more input from their humanistic therapist, and a similar proportion found the silences awkward. Our findings indicate that an active, process guiding therapeutic stance can be perceived as particularly helpful by young people in humanistic therapy. A novel process of change analysis method can be used to reliably identify perceived cause-and-effect mechanisms in therapy.

There is increasing evidence that psychotherapy efficacy can be enhanced by accommodating clients’ preferences regarding their role, the treatment, and the therapist. Several instruments are available to measure these concepts, although only the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) appears particularly suitable for psychotherapy. This study aimed to validate the Italian version of the C-NIP and to provide norms for both clinical and research use for Italian-speaking individuals. We adopted a multi-step procedure to translate the C-NIP into Italian. Then, 1084 (70.3% females; M age = 27.22 ± 11 years) Italian adults completed an online survey. Psychometric properties of both the original C-NIP and a revised, 15-item, five-scale version of this questionnaire were analysed through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), McDonald’s omega coefficients, mean inter-item correlations, measurement invariance, and Pearson correlations. The Italian translation of the original version of the C-NIP scales did not show good psychometric properties. However, the CFA on a revised factorial structure of the C-NIP evidenced adequate fit to the data. We found good support for the unidimensionality of all scales, but only one of the scales demonstrated an acceptable internal consistency. Measurement invariance was confirmed across both patient sex and across individuals who were and were not in psychotherapy. Results showed that the revised version of the C-NIP has satisfactory factorial structure for use with Italian adults. More research is needed to investigate how preferences vary over time and in relation to psychopathologies and client characteristics.

A global poly-crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, dwindling natural resources, geopolitical instability, among other complex challenges, is on the rise. Societal transformations are therefore imminent, whether intended or unintended. The key question is how to steward and facilitate such changes where fragmentation and siloed ways of working persist. The concept of synergies and the notion of synergic action could help overcome fragmented efforts to steer transformative changes. However, there exists a critical research gap in understanding the conditions needed to enable synergic action. This paper thus explores how synergic action is currently undertaken and the key essentials needed to deliver synergic action. The study uses a case study of the Yorkshire food system transformation to learn from its exemplar practitioners. The study used semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis process to reach our two key findings. First, we highlight the three types of synergic action: (1) Non-systemic synergic action, (2) Non-systemic synergic action with multiple outcomes, and (3) Systemic synergic action. Differentiating types of synergic action can help identify where synergic action is already underway and guide more explicit efforts towards transformative change. The second key finding is the five essentials for synergic action, which are (1) leadership for synergic action; (2) networking, partnerships, and collaborations; (3) care and understanding; (4) a systems approach; and (5) intentionality for synergic action. This study brings to the fore the importance of intentionality, without which the first four essentials are less likely to coalesce. This is important to inform the reflection and learning of practitioners of systemic change about how they are currently and could be working more synergistically in the future, driven by clear intentionality.