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This book provides a history of the French Revolution in Martinique and Guadeloupe from 1789 to 1802. Examining political conflict between white factions, as well as economic, social, and racial tensions, it argues that metropolitan news, ideas, language, and political culture played a key role in shaping the colonial revolution.

Ixodes scapularis, the tick vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, is distributed over most of the eastern United States, but >80% of all Lyme disease cases occur in the northeast. The role that genetic differences between northern and southern tick populations play in explaining this disparate distribution of Lyme disease cases is unclear. The present study was conducted with 1,155 SNP markers in eight nuclear genes; the 16S mitochondrial gene was examined for comparison with earlier studies. We examined 350 I. scapularis from 7 states covering a representative area of the species. A demographic analysis using Bayesian Extended Skyline Analysis suggested that I. scapularis populations in Mississippi and Georgia began expanding 500,000 years ago, those in Florida and North Carolina 200,000 years ago and those from Maryland and New Jersey only during the past 50,000 years with an accompanying bottleneck. Wisconsin populations only began expanding in the last 20,000 years. Analysis of current migration patterns suggests large amounts of gene flow in northern collections and equally high rates of gene flow among southern collections. In contrast there is restricted and unidirectional gene flow between northern and southern collections, mostly occurring from northern into southern populations. Northern populations are characterized by nymphs that quest above the leaf litter, are easy to collect by flagging, frequently feed on mammals such as rodents and shrews, commonly attach to people, and about 25% of which are infected with B. burgdorferi. If there is a genetic basis for these behaviors, then the patterns detected in this study are of concern because they suggest that northern I. scapularis populations with a greater ability to vector B. burgdorferi to humans are expanding south.

Aedes aegypti is the primary global vector to humans of yellow fever and dengue flaviviruses. Over the past 50 years, many population genetic studies have documented large genetic differences among global populations of this species. These studies initially used morphological polymorphisms, followed later by allozymes, and most recently various molecular genetic markers including microsatellites and mitochondrial markers. In particular, since 2000, fourteen publications and four unpublished datasets have used sequence data from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 mitochondrial gene to compare Ae. aegypti collections and collectively 95 unique mtDNA haplotypes have been found. Phylogenetic analyses in these many studies consistently resolved two clades but no comprehensive study of mtDNA haplotypes have been made in Africa, the continent in which the species originated. ND4 haplotypes were sequenced in 426 Ae. aegypti s.l. from Senegal, West Africa and Kenya, East Africa. In Senegal 15 and in Kenya 7 new haplotypes were discovered. When added to the 95 published haplotypes and including 6 African Aedes species as outgroups, phylogenetic analyses showed that all but one Senegal haplotype occurred in a basal clade while most East African haplotypes occurred in a second clade arising from the basal clade. Globally distributed haplotypes occurred in both clades demonstrating that populations outside Africa consist of mixtures of mosquitoes from both clades. Populations of Ae. aegypti outside Africa consist of mosquitoes arising from one of two ancestral clades. One clade is basal and primarily associated with West Africa while the second arises from the first and contains primarily mosquitoes from East Africa.

The age-related decline in functional capability is preceded by a reduction in muscle quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes on upper leg lean tissue mass (LTM), muscle quality and functional capability in healthy 50–70 years women. In a single-blinded, randomized, controlled design, 57 healthy older women (age 61.1 ± 5.1 years, 1.61 ± 0.65 m, 65.3 ± 15.3 kg) consumed 0.33 g/kg body mass of a milk-based protein matrix (PRO) for 12 weeks. Of the 57 women, 29 also engaged in a PRT intervention (PRO + PRT). In comparison to the PRO group (n = 28), those in the PRO + PRT group had an increase in upper leg LTM [0.04 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.01) kg vs. 0.13 (95% CI 0.08–0.18) kg, P  = 0.027], as measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; an increase in knee extensor (KE) torque [−1.6 (95% CI −7.3 to 4.4 N m) vs. 10.2 (95% CI 4.3–15.8 N m), P  = 0.007], as measured from a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (Con-Trex MJ; CMV AG); and an increase in extended gait speed [-0.01 (95% CI −0.52–0.04) m s −1 vs. 0.10 (95% CI 0.05–0.22) m s −1 , P  = 0.001] as measured from a maximal 900 m effort. There was no difference between groups in the time taken to complete 5 chair rises or the number of chair rises performed in 30 s ( P  > 0.05). PRT in healthy older women ingesting a dietary protein supplement is an effective strategy to improve upper leg LTM, KE torque and extended gait speed in healthy older women.

Chasing Empire across the Sea: Communications and the State in the French Atlantic, 1713-1763, by Kenneth J. Banks, is an important book which has significant implications beyond its specific scope. It provides a revisionist history of France's colonial empire in the eighteenth century, within the framework of the French Atlantic, and constitutes a comparative study, based on extensive archival research, of three different types of colonies: Canada, Louisiana, and the Windwards Islands, in the Caribbean. Cormack suggests how elements of Bank's thesis can be applied to an examination of the Revolution in the Windwards Islands.

If Guadeloupe under Victor Hugues became a bastion of the French Republic and the epicentre of slave insurgency in the Windward Islands, counter-revolution triumphed in Martinique. Rochambeau’s surrender in March 1794 marked the beginning of eight years of occupation, which ended only when Great Britain returned the colony to France as part of the Peace of Amiens in 1802. Martinique’s planters welcomed the British conquest. They had bitterly opposed Rochambeau’s republican regime, which favoured their patriot enemies, and they believed it had undermined slavery. General Grey’s proposal to administer the colony according to pre-1789 French law was eagerly taken up

On 12 March 1791 a fleet of nineteen French ships appeared off Martinique. Along with six thousand regular troops, these ships brought Jean-Pierre-Antoine, comte de Béhague as new governor general, and four king’s commissioners with a mandate to end the civil war and restore metropolitan control over the Windward Islands. The National Assembly’s decision to send this major expedition reflected growing pressure from French seaports, concerned over the interruption of colonial commerce. Both factions in Martinique had sought metropolitan intervention, assuming that it would uphold their claim to be the true supporters of the nation. When the fleet arrived, Béhague

On the eve of the revolution France’s Caribbean colonies were sources of tremendous national wealth, but these overseas possessions were neither secure nor stable. The colonies were the basis of a commercial network that had developed since the seventeenth century around the production and marketing of colonial products such as cotton, indigo, coffee, and, above all, sugar. By the mid-eighteenth century the dramatic expansion of sugar consumption drove a thriving industry that accounted for sixty million livres’ worth of French exports to Europe in 1785 alone.¹ This rich trade depended on the fertile plantations of the West Indies. Saint-Domingue was

In December 1792 Captain Jean-Baptiste-Raymond Lacrosse, commanding the frigate Félicité, arrived in the Windward Islands to bring official news of the French Republic’s declaration to the colonies. He discovered that the planters of Martinique and Guadeloupe were in rebellion against metropolitan authority under the banner of the old monarchy. This revolt had begun in September when Martinique’s colonial assembly and Governor General Béhague refused to allow a convoy from France to land its troops. The convoy also carried new governors and three civil commissioners sent to execute the Law of 4 April granting equality to free men of colour. Officers