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Societal inequality has been found to harm the mental and physical health of its members and undermine overall social cohesion. Here, we tested the hypothesis that economic inequality is associated with a wish for a strong leader in a study involving 28 countries from five continents (Study 1, N = 6,112), a study involving an Australian community sample (Study 2, N = 515), and two experiments (Study 3a, N = 96; Study 3b, N = 296). We found correlational (Studies 1 and 2) and experimental (Studies 3a and 3b) evidence for our prediction that higher inequality enhances the wish for a strong leader. We also found that this relationship is mediated by perceptions of anomie, except in the case of objective inequality in Study 1. This suggests that societal inequality enhances the perception that society is breaking down (anomie) and that a strong leader is needed to restore order (even when that leader is willing to challenge democratic values).

THIS ARTICLE USES WORDS OR LANGUAGE THAT IS CONSIDERED PROFANE, VULGAR, OR OFFENSIVE BY SOME READERS. The new generation of direct-acting antivirals has improved dramatically the rates of cure for chronic hepatitis C. Yet, evidence shows that racial groups are deemed more often ineligible for hepatitis C treatment, despite no clinical evidence supporting differential treatment for Black and White patients. One possible explanation has to do with providers’ racial biases. This investigation sought to explore medical students’ racial stereotypes (Study 1, N = 171) and the role of stereotypical cues on perceptions of medical adherence of Black and White patients (Study 2, N = 208). In Study 1, we first sought to identify health-related aspects that are consistently associated with Blacks as part of a stereotype. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated racial stereotypes identified in Study 1 by asking participants to read a clinical vignette depicting a patient (Black vs . White) and their medical history (cause of exposure to hepatitis C: unprotected sex vs . non-injectable drugs use). The results show that the impact of stereotypicality on patient perceived compliance varies as a function of medical students’ racial prejudice. Implications for further applied health inequalities research and for medical training are discussed.

On the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overcrowding in prisons led to efforts to decarcerate in order to prevent and control outbreaks in prisons. This study analyses how public support for such exceptional measures are determined by cognitive and ideological factors known to create and maintain racial biases in the criminal system. Participants were asked to express their level of agreement with the early-release of hypothetical prisoners. Results showed participants to be less favourable to the early-release of Black compared to White prisoners, when they had committed a stereotypically Black crime. As expected, the congruency between the crime stereotypicality and the colour of the prisoner’s skin did not emerge for White prisoners. Moreover, the difference between the agreement with the release of the Black vs. the White prisoner when both committed a stereotypically Black crime was higher as the level of endorsement of Meritocracy increased. Contrastingly, Anti-egalitarianism only predicted an overall disagreement with prisoners’ early-release. This paper highlights the cumulative explanation by different levels of analysis of this current problem and implications for the development of the public opinion on penal subjects.

Sociologists coined the term \"anomie\" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.

Resumo Um ano depois de a democracia portuguesa ter assinalado meio século de existência, propomos uma reflexão crítica sobre a produção de dados, o acesso à informação e a transparência na relação entre instituições e cidadãos, enquanto dimensões importantes e reveladoras do estado da qualidade da democracia no país. A interrogação que motiva a presente reflexão é simples: como se posiciona Portugal no que concerne à governação transparente e à disponibilização de dados? Para responder a esta interrogação concentramo-nos em quatro grandes áreas: transparência governativa em matéria de conflitos de interesse e prevenção da corrupção; dados judiciais e documentos administrativos; dados parlamentares; e dados étnico-raciais. Mediante um esforço conjunto e perspetivas complementares - científica e jornalística -, este artigo realiza um diagnóstico sobre os: a) problemas e desafios existentes; b) as suas potenciais causas; e c) as suas consequências. Ainda que incompleto, e por isso naturalmente imperfeito, este diagnóstico permite fomentar uma reflexão tão necessária quanto frequentemente esquecida e dissociada do tema da qualidade da democracia.

The existence of crime-related racial stereotypes has been well documented. People tend to associate certain groups with specific crimes, which, in turn, impacts criminal-sentencing decisions through the perceptions of crime severity. This evidence calls for regular updating of rating norms combining these variables. With this objective, and given that most of the normative studies provide norms for a small number of crimes and/or with an insufficient number of participants, a new norming study was conducted. Furthermore, norms from European countries are absent, and the existing ones (mostly with USA-based populations) do not simultaneously examine crime stereotypicality and crime severity. The Crime Stereotypicality and Severity Database (CriSSD) presents normative ratings for a set of 63 crimes on three dimensions: White stereotypicality, Black stereotypicality, and crime severity. The crimes were selected according to a comprehensive procedure. A total of 340 Portuguese participants (72.6% female; M age  = 26.86, SD = 7.65) answered an online survey. Each crime was evaluated by a range of 46–60 participants. Data allowed us to identify a crime typology with three clusters. We present descriptive data (means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals) for each crime. Crime evaluations were associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Additionally, this study gives input regarding the understudied link between crime stereotypes and crime severity, showing that crime severity is predicted by ratings of both Black and White stereotypicality. The CriSSD (available at osf.io/gkbrm ) provides a valuable resource for researchers in the field of social psychology to conduct studies with controlled materials on potential disparities in criminal-sentencing decisions.

THIS ARTICLE USES WORDS OR LANGUAGE THAT IS CONSIDERED PROFANE, VULGAR, OR OFFENSIVE BY SOME READERS. The new generation of direct-acting antivirals has improved dramatically the rates of cure for chronic hepatitis C. Yet, evidence shows that racial groups are deemed more often ineligible for hepatitis C treatment, despite no clinical evidence supporting differential treatment for Black and White patients. One possible explanation has to do with providers’ racial biases. This investigation sought to explore medical students’ racial stereotypes (Study 1, N = 171) and the role of stereotypical cues on perceptions of medical adherence of Black and White patients (Study 2, N = 208). In Study 1, we first sought to identify health-related aspects that are consistently associated with Blacks as part of a stereotype. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated racial stereotypes identified in Study 1 by asking participants to read a clinical vignette depicting a patient (Black vs. White) and their medical history (cause of exposure to hepatitis C: unprotected sex vs. non-injectable drugs use). The results show that the impact of stereotypicality on patient perceived compliance varies as a function of medical students’ racial prejudice. Implications for further applied health inequalities research and for medical training are discussed.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Cecilia Reyna was incorrectly associated with ‘Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina.’ instead of the correct ‘Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.’ This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. © The Author(s) 2021

This paper analyses youth attitudes toward difference and cultural diversity. Firstly, we analyse data from 65 countries showing that youths are more tolerant than older people toward both stigmatised groups and groups perceived as racially or ethnically different. Findings also show that political conservatism is a very stable predictor of intolerance to difference. Secondly, we study the appraisals of cultural diversity in 21 European countries, showing that youths express greater openness to cultural diversity than older people. In this new study, while values of conservation correlate negatively with openness to cultural diversity, values of self-transcendence correlate positively. Analisam-se as atitudes dos jovens perante a diferença e a diversidade cultural. Examinam-se dados de 65 países, mostrando-se que os jovens são mais tolerantes relativamente a grupos estigmatizados e a grupos percebidos como diferentes a nível étnico ou racial. Os resultados também mostram que o conservadurismo político é um preditor estável da intolerância à diferença. Seguidamente, estudam-se as avaliações da diversidade cultural em 21 países europeus, mostrando-se que os jovens são mais abertos à diversidade cultural. Enquanto os valores de conservação se correlacionam negativamente com a abertura à diversidade cultural, os valores de autotranscendência correlacionam-se positivamente.

This work analyses the effects of intergroup similarity/dissimilarity on intergroup attitudes within the context of the relationship between Portuguese (majority) and immigrant groups. Literature shows that the relation between intergroup similarity/dissimilarity and intergroup attitudes is far from straightforward. One perspective emerging from the Goal Interdependence Approach (Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood & Sherif, 1961) hypothesizes that this relationship is moderated by the perception of goal interdependence (Brown & Abrams, 1986). A different perspective emerges from the Social Identity Approach(Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell, 1987) and proposes that ingroup identification takes on that moderating role (Jetten, Spears & Postmes, 2004). This work attempts to conciliate the two perspectives, considering the domain of applicability of each moderator and hypothesising that this applicability depends on the dimension (symbolic vs. instrumental) that the perception of similarity/dissimilarity refers to. Thus, we propose that when intergroup similarity/dissimilarity refers to an instrumental dimension (i.e. aspects that influence the ability to achieve material resources), the relationship between intergroup similarity/dissimilarity and intergroup attitudes is moderated by the perception of goal interdependence (competition vs. cooperation) and when intergroup similarity/dissimilarity is defined along a symbolic dimension (i.e. aspects irrelevant to the ability of achieving material resources), the relationship will be moderated by the individual’s level of ingroup identification. We present empirical evidence providing general support for these hypotheses in six experimental studies that analyse the effects of intergroup similarity/dissimilarity (between Portuguese and immigrants) on the attitudes that Portuguese express towards the depicted immigrant group.