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Verticillium dahliae (Kleb.) is a soil-borne pathogen able to cause yield losses in eggplant, Solanum melongena L., one of the most important vegetable crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, an experiment was conducted to assess physiological and biochemical mechanisms modulating the interactions between S. melongena cv. Violetta di Rimini and V. dahliae strain VdGL16 in leaves at different age (mature, intermediate and young; ML, IL and YL) up to 25 days post artificial root inoculation (dpi). At 8 dpi, infected ML showed a marked reduction of photosynthetic rate (4-fold lower than controls) associated with stomatal (reduced stomatal conductance) and mesophyll (concomitant increase of intercellular CO2 concentration) limitations. Cell membrane integrity was compromised, and phylloptosis/death occurred. At 8 and 18 dpi, stomatal closure (−40 and − 53%, respectively) and biochemical alterations occurred in IL. At 18 dpi, the consumption of secondary metabolites suggested that antioxidant- and antimicrobial-defence responses were activated. However, photoinhibition, oxidative stress and water deficit were observed at the end of the experiment. These mechanisms were observed also in YL, as confirmed by the strong increase of tannins (+46%) followed by accumulation of other phenylpropanoids. Despite plant growth being maintained, reduction of leaf area and water deficit occurred. This study highlights the capacity of eggplant to activate dynamic biochemical mechanisms in response to fungal infection, even in susceptible genotypes, a starting point for comparisons with resistant material for selection.

Verticillium spp., including V. nonalfalfae and V. dahliae, are known vascular wilt pathogens of the invasive Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) in the United States and in Europe. Herein we provide evidence of the presence of a previously unreported wilt disease of A. altissima in Tuscany (Central Italy). Several isolates were collected from two locations and identified as V. dahliae, based on microscopical features of conidiophores, conidia and microsclerotia. Genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelium, the ITS region was amplified and the sequence was deposited in GenBank as VdGL16 (accession no. MK474459). BLASTn analysis showed 100% similarity with V. dahliae. To confirm pathogenicity of VdGL16, inoculations of Ailanthus seedlings were performed with the root dipping technique whereas mature trees were stem-inoculated. All inoculated seedlings exhibited wilt symptoms after 20 days, while mature Ailanthus trees showed wilting and dieback after six months. The pathogen was easily re-isolated from seedlings and re-identified as V. dahliae, thus satisfying Koch’s postulates. Results from intraspecific resistance screening of nine seed sources from across Italy revealed that Ailanthus provenances from all the six sampled regions were susceptible to V. dahliae. Stem inoculated adult plants exhibited abundant production of epicormic sprouts along the stem within six months, and most of these sprouts wilted following initial dieback of the main stem; furthermore, sprouting from the crown was intense. Petioles and rachises tissues of leaves fallen from infected trees were a good source for re-isolation of the pathogen; we proved that such petioles and rachises can effectively transfer the fungus to healthy Ailanthus seedlings via root infections. Host-specificity of the V. dahliae isolate VdGL16 was also determined on 40 non-target species/varieties/cultivars. The isolate caused disease in herbaceous species belonging to five botanical families: Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminoseae, Linaceae and Solanaceae. Given the difficulties in countering Ailanthus invasion with mechanical and chemical methods, the biological control using Verticillium may provide an efficient, low cost and sustainable control of this invasive species.

A bstract We present a measurement of the doubly radiative decay η → π 0 γγ based on a sample of 82 million η mesons produced in the e + e − → ϕ → ηγ process at the Frascati ϕ -factory DAΦNE. From the data analysis, 1246 ± 133 signal events were observed. By normalising the signal to the well-known η → 3 π 0 decay the branching fraction is measured to be (0 . 98 ± 0 . 11 stat ± 0 . 14 syst ) × 10 − 4 . This result agrees with a preliminary KLOE measurement, but is a factor of two smaller than the current world average. Results for d Γ( η → π 0 γγ ) /dM 2 ( γγ ) are also presented and compared with the latest theoretical predictions.

We present a measurement of the doubly radiative decay η → π0γγ based ona sample of 82 million η mesons produced in the e+e− → ϕ → ηγ process at the Frascatiϕ-factory DAΦNE. From the data analysis, 1246 ± 133 signal events were observed. Bynormalising the signal to the well-known η → 3π0 decay the branching fraction B(η → π0γγ) ismeasured to be (0.98 ± 0.11stat ± 0.14syst) × 10−4. This result agrees with a preliminary KLOEmeasurement, but is a factor of two smaller than the current world average. Results for dΓ(η →π0γγ)/dM 2(γγ) are also presented and compared with the latest theoretical predictions.

We present a new measurement of the positive muon magnetic anomaly, \\(a_\\mu \\equiv (g_\\mu - 2)/2\\), from the Fermilab Muon \\(g\\!-\\!2\\) Experiment using data collected in 2019 and 2020. We have analyzed more than 4 times the number of positrons from muon decay than in our previous result from 2018 data. The systematic error is reduced by more than a factor of 2 due to better running conditions, a more stable beam, and improved knowledge of the magnetic field weighted by the muon distribution, \\(\\tilde{\\omega}'^{}_p\\), and of the anomalous precession frequency corrected for beam dynamics effects, \\(\\omega_a\\). From the ratio \\(\\omega_a / \\tilde{\\omega}'^{}_p\\), together with precisely determined external parameters, we determine \\(a_\\mu = 116\\,592\\,057(25) \\times 10^{-11}\\) (0.21 ppm). Combining this result with our previous result from the 2018 data, we obtain \\(a_\\mu\\text{(FNAL)} = 116\\,592\\,055(24) \\times 10^{-11}\\) (0.20 ppm). The new experimental world average is \\(a_\\mu (\\text{Exp}) = 116\\,592\\,059(22)\\times 10^{-11}\\) (0.19 ppm), which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision.

The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has measured the anomalous precession frequency \\(a^_ = (g^_-2)/2\\) of the muon to a combined precision of 0.46 parts per million with data collected during its first physics run in 2018. This paper documents the measurement of the magnetic field in the muon storage ring. The magnetic field is monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance systems and calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency in a spherical water sample at 34.7\\(^\\)C. The measured field is weighted by the muon distribution resulting in \\('^_p\\), the denominator in the ratio \\(^_a\\)/\\('^_p\\) that together with known fundamental constants yields \\(a^_\\). The reported uncertainty on \\('^_p\\) for the Run-1 data set is 114 ppb consisting of uncertainty contributions from frequency extraction, calibration, mapping, tracking, and averaging of 56 ppb, and contributions from fast transient fields of 99 ppb.

We present a measurement of the radiative decay \\(^0\\) using 82 million \\(\\) mesons produced in \\(e^+e^-\\) process at the Frascati \\(\\)-factory DA\\(\\)NE. From the data analysis \\(1246133\\) signal events are observed. By normalising the signal to the well-known \\(3^0\\) decay the branching fraction \\( B(^0)\\) is measured to be \\((0.98 0.11_stat 0.14_syst)10^-4\\). This result agrees with a preliminary KLOE measurement, but is twice smaller than the present world average. Results for \\(d(^0)/dM^2()\\) are also presented and compared with latest theory predictions.

We present the current Standard Model (SM) prediction for the muon anomalous magnetic moment, \\(a_\\mu\\), updating the first White Paper (WP20) [1]. The pure QED and electroweak contributions have been further consolidated, while hadronic contributions continue to be responsible for the bulk of the uncertainty of the SM prediction. Significant progress has been achieved in the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution using both the data-driven dispersive approach as well as lattice-QCD calculations, leading to a reduction of the uncertainty by almost a factor of two. The most important development since WP20 is the change in the estimate of the leading-order hadronic-vacuum-polarization (LO HVP) contribution. A new measurement of the \\(e^+e^-\\to\\pi^+\\pi^-\\) cross section by CMD-3 has increased the tensions among data-driven dispersive evaluations of the LO HVP contribution to a level that makes it impossible to combine the results in a meaningful way. At the same time, the attainable precision of lattice-QCD calculations has increased substantially and allows for a consolidated lattice-QCD average of the LO HVP contribution with a precision of about 0.9%. Adopting the latter in this update has resulted in a major upward shift of the total SM prediction, which now reads \\(a_\\mu^\\text{SM} = 116\\,592\\,033(62)\\times 10^{-11}\\) (530 ppb). When compared against the current experimental average based on the E821 experiment and runs 1-6 of E989 at Fermilab, one finds \\(a_\\mu^\\text{exp} - a_\\mu^\\text{SM} =38(63)\\times 10^{-11}\\), which implies that there is no tension between the SM and experiment at the current level of precision. The final precision of E989 (127 ppb) is the target of future efforts by the Theory Initiative. The resolution of the tensions among data-driven dispersive evaluations of the LO HVP contribution will be a key element in this endeavor.

A new measurement of the magnetic anomaly \\(a_\\) of the positive muon is presented based on data taken from 2020 to 2023 by the Muon \\(g-2\\) Experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL). This dataset contains over 2.5 times the total statistics of our previous results. From the ratio of the precession frequencies for muons and protons in our storage ring magnetic field, together with precisely known ratios of fundamental constants, we determine \\(a_ = 116\\,592\\,0710(162) 10^-12\\) (139 ppb) for the new datasets, and \\(a_ = 116\\,592\\,0705(148) 10^-12\\) (127 ppb) when combined with our previous results. The new experimental world average, dominated by the measurements at FNAL, is \\(a_(exp) =116\\,592\\,0715(145) 10^-12\\) (124 ppb). The measurements at FNAL have improved the precision on the world average by over a factor of four.

This paper presents the beam dynamics systematic corrections and their uncertainties for the Run-1 data set of the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment. Two corrections to the measured muon precession frequency \\(\\omega_a^m\\) are associated with well-known effects owing to the use of electrostatic quadrupole (ESQ) vertical focusing in the storage ring. An average vertically oriented motional magnetic field is felt by relativistic muons passing transversely through the radial electric field components created by the ESQ system. The correction depends on the stored momentum distribution and the tunes of the ring, which has relatively weak vertical focusing. Vertical betatron motions imply that the muons do not orbit the ring in a plane exactly orthogonal to the vertical magnetic field direction. A correction is necessary to account for an average pitch angle associated with their trajectories. A third small correction is necessary because muons that escape the ring during the storage time are slightly biased in initial spin phase compared to the parent distribution. Finally, because two high-voltage resistors in the ESQ network had longer than designed RC time constants, the vertical and horizontal centroids and envelopes of the stored muon beam drifted slightly, but coherently, during each storage ring fill. This led to the discovery of an important phase-acceptance relationship that requires a correction. The sum of the corrections to \\(\\omega_a^m\\) is 0.50 \\(\\pm\\) 0.09 ppm; the uncertainty is small compared to the 0.43 ppm statistical precision of \\(\\omega_a^m\\).