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"Cotton, Simon"
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Every molecule tells a story
\"Preface Everything that exists is made of atoms, and most of those substances contain groups of two or more of these bonded together to form molecules. Chemistry is the science of molecules. From cooking to medicine, from engineering to art, it is everywhere\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Synthesis and Structure of a Scandium Nitrate Hydroxy-Bridged Dimeric Complex Supported by Bipyridyl Ligands
The current discussion on whether scandium, yttrium and lanthanum should represent Group 3 in the Periodic Table or whether lutetium should replace lanthanum in the group has prompted us to further explore the structural chemistry of the Group 3 elements and compare the coordination numbers and coordination geometries adopted. The steric and electronic properties of the coordinated ligands have a major influence on the structures adopted. We report the synthesis and crystal structure determination of an unusual dinuclear scandium complex [(bipy)(NO3)2Sc(µ-OH)2Sc(NO3)2(bipy)] obtained by the reaction of hydrated scandium nitrate with 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) in either ethanol or nitromethane. The crystal structure of the complex shows that the scandium centers are eight coordinate, and the structure obtained contrasts with related complexes found in the lanthanide series [Ln(bipy)2(NO3)3] and [Ln(phen)2(NO3)3] (phen = phenanthroline) and in [M(terpy)(NO3)3] (M = Sc, Er–Lu), where these complexes are all mononuclear.
Journal Article
Molecules that amaze us
\"The world is composed of molecules. Some are synthetic while many others are products of nature. Molecules That Amaze Us presents the stories behind many of the most famous and infamous molecules that make up our modern world. Examples include the molecule responsible for the spicy heat in chilies (capsaicin), the world's first synthetic painkiller (aspirin), the pigment responsible for the color of autumn leaves (carotene), the explosive in dynamite (nitroglycerine), the antimalarial drug (quinine), the drug known as \"speed\" (methamphetamine), and many others. Other molecules discussed include caffeine, adrenaline, cholesterol, cocaine, digitalis, dopamine, glucose, insulin, methane, nicotine, oxytocin, penicillin, carbon dioxide, limonene, and testosterone. In all, the book includes 67 sections, each describing a different molecule, what it does, how it is made, and why it is so interesting.Written by experts in the field, the book is accessible and easy to read. It includes amusing anecdotes, historical curiosities, and entertaining facts about each molecule, thereby balancing educational content with entertainment. The book is heavily illustrated with relevant photographs, images, and cartoons--the aim being both to educate and entertain. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Electromagnetic informed data model considerations for near-field DOA and range estimates
Localizing sources in the near-field is one of the emerging challenges for array signal processing, which has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The development of accurate localization algorithms requires the definition of a reliable model of the received signal that takes into account all wavefront characteristics, such as angle, range, and polarization, as well as electromagnetic effects, such as mutual coupling between antennas and the amplitude and phase behaviour of electromagnetic wavefronts. A system model that considers the electromagnetic-informed wave behaviour effects, independent of the type of receiver antennas, array structure, degree of correlation of sources signals and other electromagnetic effects, is considered an
“ exact model ”
in the literature. However, due to the mathematical complexity of this modeling approach, simplifications using several approximations are conventionally used. For instance, the phase of the exact model is approximated using the Fresnel approximation, while the magnitude of the exact model is simplified by assuming equal distances between the source and all elements in the array. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of a localization algorithm, the multiple signal classification (MUSIC), using the exact and approximated models in the near-field region. Through a series of simulations, we demonstrate that the localization algorithm designed based on the electromagnetic-informed exact model outperforms the one designed using the approximated model. We also show that considering electromagnetic factors in the system model through the exact model results in a 13% improvement in the direction of arrival (DOA) root mean square error (RMSE) and a 57.7% improvement in range RMSE at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 15 dB.
Journal Article
Implementation of Resonant Electric Based Metamaterials for Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation at Microwave Frequencies
In this paper, we present the application of a resonant electric based metamaterial element and its two-dimensional metasurface implementation for a variety of emerging wireless applications. Metasurface apertures developed in this work are synthesized using sub-wavelength sampled resonant electric-based unit-cell structures and can achieve electromagnetic wave manipulation at microwave frequencies. The presented surfaces are implemented in a variety of forms, from absorption surfaces for energy harvesting and wireless power transfer to wave-chaotic surfaces for compressive sensing based single-pixel direction of arrival estimation and reflecting surfaces. It is shown that the resonant electric-synthesized metasurface concept offers a significant potential for these applications with high fidelity absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics within the microwave frequency spectrum.
Journal Article
Every Molecule Tells a Story
Written by a seasoned teacher, speaker, and writer in the field of chemistry, this text provides a guide on chemicals that make life possible and enrich the senses, as well as those that endanger it. It combines the science and history of many molecules and deals with the chemistry of each substance in an interesting and easily accessible manner.
eBook
The ‘Molecule of the Month’ Website—An Extraordinary Chemistry Educational Resource Online for over 20 Years
The Molecule of the Month website (http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/motm.htm) is an educational resource that is celebrating its 20th anniversary. Here we reflect on its pioneering role in promoting new technology for visualizing and presenting chemical information on the web, as well as its achievements, as a free educational resource, both as a teaching aid and as a multi-user, multi-author learning platform. We discuss the legal aspects of such sites, as well as issues around how to make the content permanent. Finally, we look forward to how such sites may evolve in the future.
Journal Article
Nerve Agents: What Are They and How Do They Work?
The former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter were in critical condition in a hospital in Salisbury in the United Kingdom, following exposure to an unknown nerve agent. Several locations in the city have been cordoned off and decontaminated since the pair were found unconscious on a park bench on March 5. We do not yet know with certainty which specific nerve agent poisoned Skripal. Although they all work in similar ways, different approaches may be needed for decontamination. To decontaminate streets and other hard surfaces, you can use water to flush the chemical out--making sure to use enough to properly dilute it. Here, Cotton explains what nerve agents are and how they affect the body.
Journal Article
Sacrifice, Solidarity, and the Scope of the Market
In the absence of a threat of maldistribution, what reason could there be to bar trade of a genuine good that is otherwise owned? Market skeptics have asserted that, once permitted, trade tends to crowd out gifting. Why should we care, though, if needs are satisfied via sales? More importantly, why suppose that permitting trade will cause crowding out? In this paper, I address both questions with an emphasis on the second. Normatively, I claim that gifting has expressive value over and above its value in satisfying needs. Causally, I differentiate between possible cultural and psychological mechanisms, and I offer an original, institutional one. The cultural mechanism relies on the notion that pricing symbolizes a good as a mere commodity. The psychological mechanism draws on empirical evidence that introducing a monetary incentive can diminish a good’s provision. And the institutional mechanism invokes an assumed division of moral labor that dictates that each of us sometimes eschews opportunities to gift so that, together, we enable the invisible hand. I further argue that the institutional mechanism is likely to be more widely applicable than the more familiar cultural and psychological mechanisms.
Journal Article