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The Clerical Dilemma
The Clerical Dilemma is the first book-length study of Peter of Blois's life, thought, and writings in any language
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Sin, Interiority, and Selfhood in the Twelfth-Century West Studies and Texts, no. 200
For Augustine, \"verbal signs\" were simply inadequate to express the secrets of the heart, but by the twelfth century theologians such as Richard of St. Victor were insisting that such secrets had to be confessed verbally, in private, and to a priest. [...]the heart can be made transparent,\" and the self becomes an object of priestly scrutiny (p. 53, author's emphasis). While some early exegetes argued that Peter's tears upon denying Christ indicated that they were sufficient to express his contrition, twelfth-century writers such as Hugh of St. Victor determined that, in Kramer's words, \"tears are not a substitute for spoken language\" (p. 66). Because a sinner could choose to deceive through words, verbal utterances to a priest in the twelfth century revealed volitional acts by an autonomous soul. According to much twelfth-century theology, autonomy springs from the conjunction of body and soul, which gives people the ability to turn away from God, who is blameless for the actions of those who knowingly reject His will. [...]the experiences articulated through oral confession were fundamental to the origins of the person as a union of body and soul\" (p. 109).
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