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The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to synthesize available high-quality evidence on the outcomes of noninstitutional child maltreatment across the life span. A systematic review of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses was conducted. Ten databases were searched. One hundred eleven papers which met stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for review. Papers were included if they reported systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal or cross-sectional controlled studies, or single-group cohort primary studies of the outcomes of child maltreatment in the domains of physical and mental health and psychosocial adjustment of individuals who were children lived mainly with their families. Using AMSTAR criteria, selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses were found to be of moderate or high quality. Searches, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers, with a high degree of interrater reliability. The 111 systematic reviews and meta-analyses reviewed in this article covered 2,534 independent primary studies involving 30,375,962 participants, of whom more than 518,022 had been maltreated. The magnitude and quality of this evidence base allow considerable confidence to be placed in obtained results. Significant associations were found between a history of child maltreatment and adjustment in the domains of physical health, mental health, and psychosocial adjustment in a very wide range of areas. The many adverse outcomes associated with child maltreatment documented in this review highlight the importance of implementing evidence-based child protection policies and practices to prevent maltreatment and treat child abuse survivors.

The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to determine the outcome of child maltreatment in long-term childcare and the scope of the evidence base in this area. Searches of 10 databases were conducted. Forty-nine documents describing 21 primary studies and 25 secondary studies were selected for review. Searches, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers, with a high degree of interrater reliability. Participants in the 21 primary studies included 3,856 abuse survivors and 1,577 nonabused controls. In six primary studies, survivors were under 18 years, and participants in the remaining primary studies were adults with a mean age of 54 years. Reviewed studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, Romania, Tanzania, Canada, Ireland, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Participants were abused in religious and nonreligious residential care centers and foster care. There were significant associations between the experience of child abuse in long-term care and adjustment across the life span in the domains of mental health, physical health, and psychosocial adjustment. Evidence-based trauma-focused treatment should be offered to child abuse survivors. Future research in this area should prioritize longitudinal studies.

The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to determine the outcomes for individuals exposed to severe neglect in congregate care institutions such as orphanages. In this context, severe neglect refers to failure to meet children’s basic physical, developmental, and emotional needs due to inadequate resources. In this systematic review of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, searches of 10 databases were conducted, 18 papers that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for review, their quality was assessed, and data were extracted and synthesized. The 550 primary studies included in the 18 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were relatively well designed, allowing confidence to be placed in their results. Severe neglect was associated with a wide range of problems in the domains of physical development, cognitive development, attachment, and mental health. The severity of adverse outcomes was partly influenced by the duration and severity of deprivation and a constellation of risk and protective factors. Prevention policies should aim to eliminate large underresourced congregate care institutions for infants. In taking steps toward this, policies should aim to adequately resource congregate care institutions to meet children’s developmental needs for nutrition, stimulation, and attachment to a stable primary caregiver with adequate parenting skills and training. Early placement in adoptive or foster families, with access to routine physical and mental health-care service available in developed countries, is the most viable effective intervention for child survivors of severe neglect.

Background Cognitive impairments are well-documented in multiple sclerosis (MS), while speech impairments are often overlooked despite their significant effect on quality of life. For effective clinical management of multisystem conditions such as MS, consideration should be given to the interaction between deficits in multiple domains, such as speech and cognition. To evaluate speech rate measures of spontaneous and read speech, in people with MS and to examine the link between speech and cognition. Methods Forty-five people with MS and 25 controls underwent an extensive cognitive battery, including executive functioning, information processing and memory tasks, and completed two speech tasks: a reading task and a picture description task, from which speech rate measures were derived. Results The progressive MS cohort had reduced articulation (p < 0.04) and speech rate (p < 0.02) compared to controls and those with relapsing MS. Regression models also revealed information processing speed accounted for 18% to 30% of the variance of spontaneous speech rate measures, and 27% of read speech. Executive functioning accounted for a further 10% of the variance of speech rate in those with MS. Conclusions The present study suggests that speech production is contingent on cognitive ability, with information processing speed and executive functioning linked with speech timing patterns.

AUSTRALIAN champions Robbie Farr (Sprintcars) and Darren Kane (Super Sedans) will clash with their state title counterparts Darrell Hodges, pictured, and Jamie McHugh at Archerfield Speedway on Saturday night. Farr is keen to make up for a disappointing showing in the Australian Open, while the Hodges Motorsport team has a final chance to snatch victory from team Kelly in the Sidchrome Dash Series. McHugh will be making his first appearance as Queensland champion and he faces tough opposition from Kane and series leader Wayne Randall. Randall, McHugh's predecessor as Queensland champion, leads the former Tasmanian by 144 points. While McHugh cannot be beaten for second, Kane can displace second- generation driver Wayne Brims (NSW) from third. GOAL attack Michelle Rossoukas, pictured, will start for the first time this season as Queensland Firebirds try to break their duck when they play Melbourne Kestrels at Chandler tonight. Firebirds coach Brenda Scherian said Rossoukas had earned her starting berth after impressive form off the bench in the first four games but she was still undecided about her goal-shooting partner -- Natalie Sloane or Carla Dziwoki. Scherian said there was an injury cloud over centre-court players Lauren Nourse (infected foot) and Alex Hodge (stomach illness), who will see a sports doctor today. A key for the Firebirds will be the extent to which they can restrict accurate and strong Kestrels goal shooter Cynna Neele, an Australian representative.

Regulation of membrane lipid biosynthesis is critical for cell function. We previously reported that disruption of PHOSPHATIDIC ACID PHOSPHOHYDROLASE1 (PAH1) and PAH2 stimulates net phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis and proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that this response is caused specifically by a reduction in the catalytic activity of the protein and positively correlates with an accumulation of its substrate, phosphatidic acid (PA). The accumulation of PC in pah1 pah2 is suppressed by disruption of CTP:PHOSPHOCHOLINE CYTIDYLYLTRANSFERASE1 (CCT1), which encodes a key enzyme in the nucleotide pathway for PC biosynthesis. The activity of recombinant CCT1 is stimulated by lipid vesicles containing PA. Truncation of CCT1, to remove the predicted C-terminal amphipathic lipid binding domain, produced a constitutively active enzyme. Overexpression of native CCT1 in Arabidopsis has no significant effect on PC biosynthesis or ER morphology, but overexpression of the truncated constitutively active version largely replicates the pah1 pah2 phenotype. Our data establish that membrane homeostasis is regulated by lipid composition in Arabidopsis and reveal a mechanism through which the abundance of PA, mediated by PAH activity, modulates CCT activity to govern PC content.

A EUPHORIC wave rolled through London last night as tens of thousands of jubilant England cricket fans joined a victory parade to honour their Ashes heroes. After the parade, the team attended a reception at Downing Street before travelling to Lord's for a ceremonial handing over of the tiny Ashes urn. Whatever the aftermath, there is one group of people sticking by the Aussies -- the bookies. Already, Australia has been installed $1.60 favourites to regain the Ashes in the 2006-07 summer. England is $4.

A EUPHORIC wave rolled through the streets of London last night as tens of thousands of jubilant England cricket fans gathered for a victory parade to honour their Ashes heroes. After the parade, the team were invited to attend a reception at Downing Street before travelling to Lord's for a ceremonial handing over of the tiny urn. The parade followed the same route as the Rugby World Cup-winning team in 2003, which attracted up to 750,000 fans. \"My warmest congratulations to you, the England cricket team, and all in the squad for the magnificent achievement of regaining the Ashes,\" she said. \"This has been a truly memorable series and both sides can take credit for giving us all such a wonderfully exciting and entertaining summer of cricket at its best.\"

A EUPHORIC wave rolled through London last night as tens of thousands of jubilant England cricket fans joined a victory parade to honour their Ashes heroes. Police lined the route, which passed along Fleet Street and The Strand before stopping at the ultimate symbol of victory, Trafalgar Square. After the parade, the team attended a reception at Downing Street before travelling to Lord's for a ceremonial handing over of the tiny Ashes urn. The Queen sent her best regards and the players are said to be in line for MBEs. \"My warmest congratulations to you, the England cricket team, and all in the squad for the magnificent achievement of regaining the Ashes,\" she said.

CRAIG Bellamy, pictured, scored twice as Blackburn Rovers beat bottom-of-the table Sunderland 2-0 at Ewood Park yesterday to move into seventh spot in the English Premier League. The Welsh striker put Rovers ahead seven minutes before halftime when he turned in Morten Gamst Pedersen's deflected cross and then helped Sunderland on its now seemingly inevitable journey towards relegation when he headed in Sergio Peter's cross just after the hour mark. Bellamy's goals helped put Rovers back into the race for a European place, with the Lancashire club a point behind fifth-placed Arsenal. Blackburn had already gone close when Florent Sinama Pongolle volleyed narrowly wide. Pedersen then hit the top of the crossbar direct from a corner before laying on Bellamy's 38th-minute opener. The Norwegian attempted to clip the ball goalwards from just inside the area but instead it deflected and spun into the path of Bellamy, who finished decisively. HOBART hopefuls Veer Right and Rollon Bigred both need to win in separate states tonight to give their Tasmanian Interdominion ratings a timely lift. Fernvale trainer-driver Darrel Graham faces the tougher task with Rollon Bigred, who will start joint 10m backmarker in the $25,000 Echuca Cup. Warwick trainer Lloyd Weir expects Veer Right to beat his Gold Coast opposition tonight and then plans to head south to contest the $20,000 Harold Park Cup next Friday. Both horses need to be in the top 36 when final Inter rankings are declared on Monday week if they are to join guaranteed Queensland starters Be Good Johnny, Slipnslide, Cobbity Classic, Flashing Red and Blacks A Fake, pictured, in the $2.1 million Inter series starting on March 19 in Hobart. Rollon Bigred (ranked 43) will also chase tomorrow week's Terang Cup. Veer Right, ranked 65, has not raced outside Queensland.