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Infectious disease transmission and contact networks in wildlife and livestock
The use of social and contact networks to answer basic and applied questions about infectious disease transmission in wildlife and livestock is receiving increased attention. Through social network analysis, we understand that wild animal and livestock populations, including farmed fish and poultry, often have a heterogeneous contact structure owing to social structure or trade networks. Network modelling is a flexible tool used to capture the heterogeneous contacts of a population in order to test hypotheses about the mechanisms of disease transmission, simulate and predict disease spread, and test disease control strategies. This review highlights how to use animal contact data, including social networks, for network modelling, and emphasizes that researchers should have a pathogen of interest in mind before collecting or using contact data. This paper describes the rising popularity of network approaches for understanding transmission dynamics in wild animal and livestock populations; discusses the common mismatch between contact networks as measured in animal behaviour and relevant parasites to match those networks; and highlights knowledge gaps in how to collect and analyse contact data. Opportunities for the future include increased attention to experiments, pathogen genetic markers and novel computational tools.
Journal Article
Backrooms and beyond : partisan advisers and the politics of policy work in Canada
\"Though they serve in many roles and under many titles, no one doubts that political staffs now wield substantial influence in the making of government policy. Backrooms and Beyond draws on interviews with ministers, senior public servants, and political advisers to offer the first detailed Canadian treatment of how that influence is gained and exercised in the policy making process. A comparative analysis of case studies from three Canadian jurisdictions, including the federal Prime Minister's Office, two premier's offices, and ministers' offices, the book presents a detailed account of partisan advisers' involvement in policy work and a new theoretical framework for understanding this work and its impact. As Jonathan Craft shows, partisan advisers often engage in policy work with public servants, outside stakeholders, and often in types of policy work that public servants cannot. Backrooms and Beyond is a rich and rigorous look at an important aspect of contemporary Canadian politics, essential reading for scholars and practitioners, journalists, students of the Westminster system from around the world, and those wanting to understand just how policy is made today.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches
Insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas and plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. Although the role of insulin in the periphery is well understood, less is known about its multifactorial role in the brain. However, emerging evidence from human and animal studies indicate that insulin influences cerebral bioenergetics, enhances synaptic viability and dendritic spine formation, and increases turnover of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Insulin also has a role in proteostasis, influencing clearance of the amyloid β peptide and phosphorylation of tau, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Insulin also modulates vascular function through effects on vasoreactivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Through these multiple pathways, insulin dysregulation could contribute to neurodegeneration. Thus, new approaches to restore cerebral insulin function that could offer therapeutic benefit to adults with Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, or related disorders are being investigated.
Journal Article
New kid
\"Seventh grader Jordan Banks loves nothing more than drawing cartoons about his life. But instead of sending him to the art school of his dreams, his parents enroll him in a prestigious private school known for its academics, where Jordan is one of the few kids of color in his entire grade. As he makes the daily trip from his Washington Heights apartment to the upscale Riverdale Academy Day School, Jordan soon finds himself torn between two worlds--and not really fitting into either one. Can Jordan learn to navigate his new school culture while keeping his neighborhood friends and staying true to himself?\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Mike Snow: infectious diseases specialist who treated the UK’s first HIV patients
In 1978 Snow was appointed to a new post at Newcastle General Hospital, where most of the serious infectious diseases were treated. There was a small isolation unit to which any consultant in Newcastle could refer patients for nursing care, while their medical care would be delivered by the referring consultant. At first, referrals might come by ambulance with paramedics in hazmat suits.
Journal Article
A Review of the Empirical Ethical Decision-Making Literature: 2004–2011
This review summarizes the research on ethical decision-making from 2004 to 2011. Eighty-four articles were published during this period, resulting in 357 findings. Individual findings are categorized by their application to individual variables, organizational variables, or the concept of moral intensity as developed by Jones (Acad Manag Rev 16(2):366–395, 1991). Rest's (Moral development: advances in research and theory, Praeger, New York, 1986) four-step model for ethical decision-making is used to summarize findings by dependent variable—awareness, intent, judgment, and behavior. A discussion of findings in each category is provided in order to uncover trends in the ethical decision-making literature. A summary of areas of suggested future research is provided.
Journal Article
Better than before : mastering the habits of our everyday lives
\"Habits are the invisible architecture of our lives. Rubin provides an analytical and scientific framework from which to understand these habits--as well as change them for good, ... [illustrating] the core principles of habit formation with dozens of strategies that she uses herself and tests out on others. Rubin provides tools to help readers better understand themselves, and presents [this] ... menu of strategies so readers can take an individualized approach\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Follicular helper T cells in immunity and systemic autoimmunity
Aberrant T-cell help has been implicated in the expansion of self-reactive B-cell clones and subsequent autoantibody production in many systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. In this Review, Joseph Craft discusses the T-helper-cell populations, particularly follicular helper T cells, which are key regulators of B-cell survival and maturation during normal immune responses and in autoimmunity.
Follicular helper T (T
FH
) cells are essential for B-cell maturation and immunoglobulin production after immunization with thymus-dependent antigens. Nevertheless, the development and function of T
FH
cells have been less clearly defined than classic CD4
+
effector T-cell subsets, including T-helper-1 (T
H
1), T
H
2 and T
H
17 cells. As such, our understanding of the genesis of T
FH
cells in humans and their role in the development of autoimmunity remains incomplete. However, evidence from animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and patients with systemic autoimmune diseases suggests that these cells are necessary for pathogenic autoantibody production, in a manner analogous to their role in promotion of B-cell maturation during normal immune responses. In this Review, I discuss the findings that have increased our knowledge of T
FH
-cell development and function in normal and aberrant immune responses. Such information might improve our understanding of autoimmune diseases, such as SLE, and highlights the potential of T
FH
cells as therapeutic targets in these diseases.
Key Points
Follicular helper T (T
FH
) cells—a subset of CD4
+
T cells—are located within the B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs
T
FH
cells are important regulators of B-cell maturation within germinal centres during normal immune responses
Characterization of the developmental program of T
FH
cells could aid their identification and provide insight into the function of these cells in normal and autoimmune responses
The transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 is both necessary and sufficient for development of T
FH
cells, controlling expression of molecules essential for T
FH
-cell trafficking and function
T
FH
cells promote pathogenic autoantibody production in systemic autoimmunity, and potentially represent novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases
Journal Article