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Deep trouble: corporate and military designs on the deep seas
The Sleipner natural gas field lies in the North Sea, approximately 150 miles off the coast of Norway. The gas contains 9 percent carbon dioxide, far over the 2.5 percent threshold for marketability. A chemical plant on site extracts the excess, which is pumped into a sandstone aquifer 3,300 feet below the seafloor. Each year, the company extracting the gas, Stratoil, buries one million tons of carbon dioxide, or 3 percent of Norway's carbon dioxide emissions, into the aquifer. Doing so is not inexpensive -- the equipment cost $80 million -- but Norway's $38 per ton carbon tax (the same type of tax the Clinton administration proposed and then backed away from a decade ago) meant that the investment was paid off in less than two years (through savings on the carbon tax Stratoil hasn't had to pay). Other possibilities, with many more unknowns and uncertainties, include injecting carbon dioxide directly into seawater. Earth's oceans may contain an even larger capacity to absorb and retain carbon dioxide emissions than saline aquifers below the seafloor or the continents, a capacity on the order of thousands of GtC. The sea itself already contains 40,000 GtC (versus 750 GtC in the atmosphere). Carbon dioxide emissions which would double atmospheric concentrations if injected in the ocean would only increase ocean concentrations by less than 2 percent. In addition, injecting carbon dioxide into seawater may not work. The closer to the sea surface the carbon dioxide is injected, the more quickly it will rise and outgas back into the atmosphere. Below 3,000 feet, the water is dense and cold, and doesn't mix as quickly with the surface. At this depth, carbon dioxide injected into the Atlantic will return to the surface in about 300 years. Below 9,000 feet, the carbon dioxide might remain in the sea for several thousand years, although the cost and feasibility of getting it there remains prohibitive, and the ecological consequences are by and large unknown.
Journal Article
Leave This Wondrous Island to the Birds
An ever-changing spit of sand on the Carolina coast is a haven for multitudes of shorebirds. But nature and humans threaten it.
Newspaper Article
Leave This Island to the Birds
ABOUT 20 miles south of Charleston, S.C., at the mouth of the North Edisto River, a small, horseshoe-shaped sandbar rises above the water. The claim of land is tenuous on Deveaux Bank, about a half-mile offshore. At high tide, it's three-quarters submerged. Deveaux's...
Newspaper Article