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Tuberculosis (TB) is responsible for enormous global morbidity and mortality, and current treatment regimens rely on the use of drugs that have been in use for more than 40 years. Owing to widespread resistance to these therapies, new drugs are desperately needed to control the TB disease burden. Herein, we describe the rapid synthesis of analogues of the sansanmycin uridylpeptide natural products that represent promising new TB drug leads. The compounds exhibit potent and selective inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the etiological agent of TB, both in vitro and intracellularly. The natural product analogues are nanomolar inhibitors of Mtb phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide translocase, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of lipid I in mycobacteria. This work lays the foundation for the development of uridylpeptide natural product analogues as new TB drug candidates that operate through the inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) infections are emerging at a high rate, with only few therapeutic options currently available. Here, the authors report synthetic analogues of the natural product sansanmycin that target mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis and represent potent leads for improved anti-TB treatments.

Analysis of 20 species of UK breeding birds over a 25-year period found a long-term trend towards earlier egg-laying 1 . Further studies have correlated such trends with spring temperatures (one species) 2 or the North Atlantic Oscillation (three species) 3 . We have studied a data set spanning 57 years and find that laying date is related to temperature or rainfall for 31 of 36 species (86%), and that 53% of species show long-term trends in laying date over time, of which 37% can be statistically accounted for by changes in climate. These data provide evidence for the large-scale impact of rising temperatures on wildlife. Our analysis of a UKCIP98 national-level climate scenario 4 predicts that average laying dates will be even earlier for 75% of species by the year 2080.

Background Individuals living with cancer require oncology rehabilitation (OncR) to address functional and emotional impairments contributing to reduced quality of life (QOL) limitations. Aim Oncology rehabilitation education, required to advance a healthcare workforce to superintend the cancer treatment adverse effects, therefore improving QOL, was explored in South Africa. Setting Underserved rural and urban hospitals in three provinces received OncR education seminars focused on identifying and mitigating adverse effects of cancer treatment and palliative care. Methods Participants completed a retrospective survey including demographic data, experience with OncR, and seminar experience. Results Health professionals (n = 81) from rural a urban hospitals engaged in the retrospective study. Participants (17%) stated that the most helpful feature of this seminar was the appreciation and importance of an interprofessional team in cancer care. Fifty-nine per cent identified the least helpful feature as time constraints in clinical practice. Post seminar, 23% enhanced their rating of knowledge, although, 26% did not feel confident designing an exercise prescription for cancer survivors. Seventy-eight per cent were confident in identifying impairments and functional limitations resulting from cancer treatments; 88% and 68%, respectively, were able to identify one evidence-based measurement tool to assess pain and cancer-related fatigue. Conclusion The need for increased OncR education to equip the healthcare workforce, streamline connection to community oncologic services, and interprofessional presence is imperative to improve QOL for people diagnosed with cancer. Contribution The lack of education and funding, as well as resources and policy in rural areas in South Africa, requires distinctive strategies to enhance clinical knowledge and confidence in culturally relevant OncR assessment and intervention.

Both wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) share food with non-relatives. Researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this behavior, including 'food for sex', 'food for grooming or agonistic support', and 'sharing under pressure'. We examined food sharing in two captive groups of socially-housed chimpanzees. In contrast to previous captive studies, which only examined transfers of low-quality foods, we conducted seven trials with high-quality food and seven with low-quality food for each group to directly compare transfers of different food qualities. We recorded how male chimpanzees shared food, including active transfers, passive transfers, and co-feeding. We also noted all instances of copulations, female estrous states, benign attempts to access food (termed 'perseverance'), and aggressive attempts (termed 'harassment') to examine whether any of these factors influenced food sharing. Male food possessors shared at the same rate in both food quality conditions, but seemingly for different reasons, indicating that food quality may affect the exchange of social benefits in chimpanzees. In the low-quality condition, there was an interaction with rank and perseverance: while low- and middle-ranking females received more food the more they persevered, high-ranking females received more food without perseverance and gained relatively little benefit from persevering. In the high-quality condition, there was an interaction between copulations and perseverance: females who copulated with the male food possessor received more food during that trial with less perseverance. Non-copulating females received more transfers the more they persevered. This result was only observed in the short-term - copulations over the previous year were not correlated with food transfers. Further, the copulations observed here were unusual for these chimpanzees in that they were not confined to peak fertility, suggesting a non-conceptive function for copulations in chimpanzees. Copulations in this study may have functioned to reduce tension and increase short-term tolerance, allowing females better access to food.

Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) have been frequently observed to share food with one another, with numerous hypotheses proposed to explain why. These often focus on reciprocity exchanges for social benefits (e.g., food for grooming, food for sex, affiliation, kinship, and dominance rank) as well as sharing based on begging and deterring harassment. Although previous studies have shown that each of these hypotheses has a viable basis, they have only examined situations in which males have preferential access to food whereby females are required to obtain the food from males. For example, studies on male chimpanzee food sharing take advantage of successful crop-raids and/or acquisitions of meat from hunting, situations that only leave females access to food controlled by male food possessors. This begs the question how and with whom might a female chimpanzee in sole possession of a high-quality food item choose to share? In two large captive groups of chimpanzees, we examined each of the hypotheses with female food possessors of a high-quality food item and compared these data to a previous study examining food transfers from male chimpanzees. Our results show that alpha females shared significantly more with closely affiliated females displaying perseverance, while kinship and dominance rank had no effect. This positive interaction between long-term affiliation and perseverance shows that individuals with whom the female possessor was significantly affiliated received more food while persevering more than those with neutral or avoidant relationships towards her. Furthermore, females with avoidant relationships persevered far less than others, suggesting that this strategy is not equally available to all individuals. In comparison to the mixed-sex trials, females chose to co-feed with other females more than was observed when the alpha male was sharing food. This research indicates that male and female chimpanzees (as possessors of a desired food item) share food in ways influenced by different factors and strategies.

AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, based at the New School for Social Research, together with our readers and colleagues worldwide, are deeply distressed by the arrest and imprisonment of our highly respected author and colleague, Kian Tajbakhsh. Rather than remain in the United States, his commitment to Iran, for which he has great affection, impelled him to return to Iran a half-decade ago to contribute to the country's intellectual life and social development. Arjun Appadurai, John Dewey Distinguished Professor in the Social Sciences, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA Timothy Garton Ash, Professor of European Studies, University of Oxford; Isaiah Berlin Professorial Fellow, St Antony's College, Oxford, UK Noam Chomsky, Institute Professor (retired), MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA Juan R. I. Cole, Professor of History, University of Michigan; President, Global Americana Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Sir Bernard Crick, Professor, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Paul R. Ehrlich, Bing Professor of Population Studies, President, Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Shepard Forman, Director, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, New York, USA Kurt Gottfried, Professor of Physics Emeritus, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Jan T. Gross, Norman B. Tomlinson '16 and '48 Professor of War and Society, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Adam Habib, Professor, Executive Director, Democracy and Governance, Human Science Research Council, South Africa Shireen Hassim, Professor, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Agnes Heller, Professor of Philosophy, The New School for Social Research; Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences , New York, NY, USA Edward Hirsch, President, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, New York, NY, USA Eva Hoffman, Writer and Visiting Professor, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA Stanley Hoffmann, Buttenwieser University Professor, Center for European Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Nicholas Humphrey, Professor, London School of Economics, London, UK Beata Huszka, PhD Candidate, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary Jeffrey Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor and Chair of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Bob Kerrey, President, The New School, New York, NY, USA Fatos Lubonja, Writer, journalist, human rights activist, Tirana, Albania Fyodor Lukyanov, Editor, Russia in Global Affairs Journal, Moscow, Russia Avishai Margalit, George F. Kennan Professor, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Director, Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Marc Mauer, Executive Director, The Sentencing Project, Washington DC, USA Adam Michnik, Historian and writer, Warsaw, Poland Okello Oculi, Executive Director, Africa Vision 525, Abuja, Nigeria Claus Offe, Professor, Humboldt University and Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany Isaack O. Otieno, Political Scientist, Democratic Governance Expert, Senior Project Officer, Democratic Governance Office, CIDA, Kenya Samantha Power, Anna Lindh Professor of the Practice of Global Leadership, John F. Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, USA Ulrich K. Preuss, Professor, Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany Kenneth Prewitt, Carnegie Professor of Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Arthur Ripstein, Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jonathan Schell, Harold Willens Peace Fellow, The Nation Institute, The Nation Magazine, New York, NY, USA Aristide R. Zolberg, Walter Eberstadt Professor of Political Science, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA

An increasing proportion of Australians are living in the coastal zone, which is also becoming increasingly prone to sea-level rise, storm surge, and ooding. The likely severity of the potential impacts of climate change on Australia’s coastal communities has also been recognized by the Australian government through the recent national coastal inquiry. Similarly, some coastal local governments have become key advocates for progressive adaptation policies, although many continue to face signicant capacity constraints in terms of resources, skills, and support from other tiers of government. South East Queensland has been identied as being particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change; local governments experience adaptive capacity issues primarily relating to infrastructure provision, emergency response capacity, and the changing socioeconomic characteristics of the region. Biophysical, socioeconomic, and political drivers of change are also likely to inuence the effectiveness of adaptation options in the region into the future.