Explore the vast range of titles available.

Abstract Endophytic fungi colonize the inter- and/or intracellular regions of healthy plant tissues and have a close symbiotic relationship with their hosts. These microorganisms produce antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds that enable them to survive in competitive habitats with other microorganisms. In addition, secondary metabolites confer protection to their host plant against other bacterial and fungal pathogens and/or can promote plant growth. Endophytic fungi are viewed as a promising source of bioactive natural products, which can be optimized through changes in growing conditions. The exploration of novel bioactive molecules produced by these microorganisms has been attracting attention from researchers. The chemical and functional diversity of natural products from endophytic fungi exhibits a broad spectrum of applications in medicine, agriculture, industry and the environment. Fungal endophytes can also enhance the photoprotective effects and photochemical efficiency in the host plants. Modern omic approaches have facilitated research investigating symbiotic plant-endophytic fungi interactions. Therefore, research on endophytic fungi can help discovery novel biomolecules for various biotechnological applications and develop a sustainable agriculture. Resumo Fungos endofíticos colonizam as regiões inter e/ou intracelulares de tecidos vegetais saudáveis e possuem uma relação de simbiose com seus hospedeiros. Esses microrganismos produzem antibióticos, enzimas e outros compostos bioativos que os permitem sobreviver em habitats competitivos com outros microrganismos. Além disso, os metabólitos secundários conferem proteção à planta hospedeira contra outros patógenos bacterianos e fúngicos e/ou podem promover o crescimento vegetal. Os fungos endofíticos são considerados uma fonte promissora de produtos naturais bioativos, que podem ser otimizados por meio de mudanças nas condições de cultivo. A exploração de novas moléculas bioativas produzidas por esses microrganismos tem chamado a atenção dos pesquisadores. A diversidade química e funcional dos produtos naturais de fungos endofíticos exibe um amplo espectro de aplicações na medicina, agricultura, indústria e meio ambiente. Os fungos endofíticos também podem aumentar os efeitos fotoprotetores e a eficiência fotoquímica nas plantas hospedeiras. As abordagens ômicas modernas têm facilitado as pesquisas sobre as interações simbióticas entre plantas e fungos endofíticos. Portanto, a pesquisa sobre fungos endofíticos pode ajudar na descoberta de novas biomoléculas para diversas aplicações biotecnológicas e a desenvolver uma agricultura sustentável.

The genus Paspalum belongs to the family Poaceae and has several species that are native to Brazil. The Paspalum Germplasm Bank (GB) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation comprises approximately 450 accessions from 50 species. Among these accessions, Paspalum atratum (BGP 308) has economic potential for forage purposes. However, the endophytic and rhizospheric microbial communities within this accession and their ability to promote plant growth remain unknown. The present study aimed to isolate the endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria associated with P. atratum and to assess their potential for plant growth improvement, so-called plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). For the in vitro tests, the ability of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), phosphate solubilization (PS) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production were evaluated. A total of 116 endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria were obtained from the isolation. In the in vitro tests, 43 (37.00%) of these isolates showed positive NFB, PS, and IAA results. These isolates were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. The phosphate solubilization index (PSI) ranged from 2 to 3.61, all 43 strains performed biological nitrogen fixation and the IAA production ranged from 12.85 to 431.41 μg ml −1 . Eight of these 43 isolates were evaluated in vivo in a greenhouse using P. atratum caryopsis. The pots were filled with soil prepared with three different phosphate sources and one control without phosphate. After growth, the plants were submitted to morphological, bromatological and chemical determination. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA). In the in vivo test, treatments 105 ( Pseudomonas sp.) and 458 ( Pseudomonas sp.) were the most significant for the crystalline phosphate source, 109 ( Bacillus sp.) for the sedimentary phosphate source and, as for the soluble phosphate source most treatments that received bacterial isolates had higher phosphorus content in the dry matter than the uninoculated soluble phosphate control. The 105FCR (crystalline phosphate +  Pseudomonas sp.), 109FSE (sedimentary phosphate +  Bacillus sp.), and 110 FSE (sedimentary phosphate +  Enterobacter sp.) treatments showed the best results for plant growth promotion. This work made it possible to determine the bacterial community associated with P. atratum (BGP308) and to obtain new potential plant growth-promoting strains.

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) seeds are the source of an oil with a wide range of biological activities and ethnopharmacological uses. However, few studies have devoted attention to innovative formulations, including nanoemulsions. The present study aimed to obtain a colloidal system with the andiroba oil using a low-energy and organic-solvent-free method. Moreover, the preliminary residual larvicidal activity of the nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti was evaluated. Oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids, in addition to the phytosterol β-sitosterol and limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids). The required hydrophile-lipophile was around 11.0 and the optimal nanoemulsion was obtained using polysorbate 85. The particle size distribution suggested the presence of small droplets (mean diameter around 150 nm) and low polydispersity index (around 0.150). The effect of temperature on particle size distribution revealed that no major droplet size increase occurred. The preliminary residual larvicidal assay suggested that the mortality increased as a function of time. The present study allowed achievement of a potential bioactive oil in water nanoemulsion that may be a promising controlled release system. Moreover, the ecofriendly approach involved in the preparation associated with the great bioactive potential of C. guianensis makes this nanoemulsion very promising for valorization of this Amazon raw material.

Spatial arrangement of distinct Amazonian environments through time and its effect on specialized biota remain poorly known, fueling long-lasting debates about drivers of biotic diversification. We address the late Quaternary sediment deposition that assembled the world's largest seasonally flooded ecosystems. Genome sequencing was used to reconstruct the demographic history of bird species specialized in either early successional vegetation or mature floodplain forests. Sediment deposition that built seasonally flooded habitats accelerated throughout the Holocene (last 11,700 years) under sea level highstand and intensification of the South American Monsoon, at the same time as global increases in atmospheric methane concentration. Bird populations adapted to seasonally flooded habitats expanded due to enlargement of Amazonian river floodplains and archipelagos. Our findings suggest that the diversification of the biota specialized in seasonally flooded habitats is coupled to sedimentary budget changes of large rivers, which rely on combined effects of sea level and rainfall variations. This study found that millennial periods of higher rainfall combined with rising sea level enhanced sediment accumulation in Amazonian rivers valleys. This fuelled synchronous expansion of vegetation adapted to seasonally flooded substrates and its specialized bird populations, showing how global climate changes can affect specific Amazonian species.

Abstract Peru faces a complex economic crisis, exacerbated by persistent food and nutritional insecurity as a result of the pandemic, geopolitical tensions, adverse weather conditions, and other relevant factors. For this reason, an investigation was conducted on antioxidants in relation to nutrition, stomata, and the yield of lettuce fertilized with seabird guano (S.G.). The general objective was to determine the antioxidant capacity in relation to nutrition, stomata, and yield of lettuce fertilized with S.G. The methodology is based on applied research with an experimental approach, as the statistical model of the completely randomized block design was employed, consisting of three blocks and five treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 300, T3 with 600, T4 with 900, and T5 with 1,200 kg ha-1 of S.G. The doses were applied 15 days after transplanting, and the physical characteristics (plant height, plant weight, commercial yield, and plant diameter) were evaluated. Nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), antioxidant capacity, and stomatal density in the leaves were determined. Also, total phosphorus and nitrogen uptake and profitability. The results showed that T5 stood out in plant height at 25 cm, plant weight at 618.8 g, commercial yield at 61.501 t ha-1, and diameter at 15.91 cm. In total nitrogen consumption, it stood out with 174.68 kg ha-1, and in total phosphorus consumption with 180.77 kg ha-1. In stomatal density, it stood out with 134 stomata/mm2 and in profitability with 443.5%. In leaf nutrient concentration, T2 stood out with calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, boron, and sodium, and T3 excelled in antioxidant capacity with 4,607.8 μmol Trolox/100 g. It is concluded that an adequate antioxidant capacity (4,020.0 μmol Trolox/100 g in T5) was associated with the highest lettuce yield. Therefore, at higher doses of S.G., stomatal density and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, and chlorides in the leaves increased, which enhanced the efficiency of gas and nutrient exchange. These characteristics optimized physiological processes and modulated antioxidant pathways, thereby improving yield. Resumo O Peru enfrenta uma complexa crise econômica, agravada pela persistente insegurança alimentar e nutricional como resultado da pandemia, das tensões geopolíticas, das condições climáticas adversas e de outros fatores relevantes. Por esse motivo, investigou-se sobre antioxidantes em relação à nutrição, estômatos e ao rendimento da alface fertilizada com guano de aves marinhas (G.A.M.). O objetivo geral foi determinar a capacidade antioxidante em relação à nutrição, aos estômatos e ao rendimento de alface fertilizada com G.A.M. A metodologia baseia-se em pesquisa aplicada com abordagem experimental, uma vez que foi empregado o modelo estatístico do delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, que consistiu em três blocos e cinco tratamentos: T1 com 0, T2 com 300, T3 com 600, T4 com 900 e T5 com 1.200 kg ha-1 de G.A.M. As doses foram aplicadas 15 dias após o transplante, e as características físicas (altura da planta, peso da planta, rendimento comercial e diâmetro da planta) foram avaliadas. Foram determinados os nutrientes (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio), a capacidade antioxidante e a densidade de estômatos nas folhas. Também a absorção total de fósforo e nitrogênio e a rentabilidade. Os resultados determinaram que a T5 se destacou em altura da planta com 25 cm, peso da planta com 618.8 g, rendimento comercial com 61.501 t ha-1 e diâmetro com 15.91 cm. Em consumo total de nitrogênio, destacou-se com 174.68 kg ha-1 e no consumo total de fósforo com 180.77 kg ha-1. Na densidade de estômatos, destacou-se com 134 estômatos/mm2 e em rentabilidade com 443.5%. Na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas, o T2 destacou-se com cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, boro e sódio, e o T3 sobressaiu na capacidade antioxidante com 4,607.8 μmol de Trolox/100 g. Conclui-se que uma capacidade antioxidante adequada (4,020.0 μmol Trolox/100 g em T5) esteve associada ao maior rendimento da alface. Portanto, quanto maior a dose de G.A.M., maior foi o aumento da densidade estomática e de nutrientes como nitrogênio, fósforo, cobre e cloretos nas folhas, o que favoreceu a eficiência das trocas gasosas e nutricionais. Essas características otimizaram os processos fisiológicos e modularam as vias antioxidantes, o que melhorou a produtividade.

In a previous phase 3 trial, treatment with trifluridine-tipiracil (FTD-TPI) prolonged overall survival among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Preliminary data from single-group and randomized phase 2 trials suggest that treatment with FTD-TPI in addition to bevacizumab has the potential to extend survival. We randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, adult patients who had received no more than two previous chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer to receive FTD-TPI plus bevacizumab (combination group) or FTD-TPI alone (FTD-TPI group). The primary end point was overall survival. Secondary end points were progression-free survival and safety, including the time to worsening of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance-status score from 0 or 1 to 2 or more (on a scale from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater disability). A total of 246 patients were assigned to each group. The median overall survival was 10.8 months in the combination group and 7.5 months in the FTD-TPI group (hazard ratio for death, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 to 0.77; P<0.001). The median progression-free survival was 5.6 months in the combination group and 2.4 months in the FTD-TPI group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.54; P<0.001). The most common adverse events in both groups were neutropenia, nausea, and anemia. No treatment-related deaths were reported. The median time to worsening of the ECOG performance-status score from 0 or 1 to 2 or more was 9.3 months in the combination group and 6.3 months in the FTD-TPI group (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.67). Among patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer, treatment with FTD-TPI plus bevacizumab resulted in longer overall survival than FTD-TPI alone. (Funded by Servier and Taiho Oncology; SUNLIGHT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04737187; EudraCT number, 2020-001976-14.).

Abstract The high price of synthetic fertilizers, the continuous use of pesticides, and other related problems threaten Peru’s food security. The reason for the investigation was to study the influence of anthocyanins on the nutrition, stomata, and yield of purple cabbage fertilized with compost based on market waste (CBRM). The main objective was to determine the influence of anthocyanins in relation to nutrition, stomata, and the yield of purple cabbage fertilized with CBRM. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; therefore, the Completely Randomized Block Design statistical model was employed, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 10, T3 with 12, T4 with 14, and T5 with 16 t ha-1 of CBRM. 15 days after transplanting, we applied the treatments and evaluated physical characteristics such as plant height, purple cabbage head weight, commercial yield, and diameter. In leaves (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanins, and stomatal density. Total nitrogen and phosphorus input and profitability. The results determined that T5 stood out in plant height with 39.21 cm, weight of a purple cabbage head with 814.3 g, commercial yield with 94.85 t ha−1, and equatorial diameter with 15.51 cm. Total nitrogen input of 365.94 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Total phosphorus input of 796.27 kg ha-1 of P2O5. Stomatal density of 691 stomata/mm2. Profitability at 252.78%. T4 stood out in nutrients with total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, chlorides, sodium, and anthocyanin concentration with 122.65 mg/100 g in leaves. We concluded that T5 excelled in calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, and stomatal density in leaves, which optimized transpiration, photosynthesis, carbohydrate formation and translocation, and other biochemical processes, generating a considerable concentration of anthocyanin that acted as a defense mechanism against nutritional and environmental stress and pests, resulting in higher yield. Resumo O alto preço dos fertilizantes sintéticos, o uso contínuo de pesticidas e outros problemas relacionados ameaçam a segurança alimentar do Peru. O objetivo da investigação foi estudar a influência das antocianinas na nutrição, estômatos e produtividade do repolho-roxo adubado com composto à base de resíduos comerciais (CBRM). O objetivo principal foi determinar a influência das antocianinas na nutrição, estômatos e produtividade do repolho-roxo fertilizado com CBRM. Baseia-se em metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental; portanto, foi empregado o modelo estatístico de Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Casualizados, composto por 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos: T1 com 0, T2 com 10, T3 com 12, T4 com 14 e T5 com 16 t ha-1 de CBRM. Quinze dias após o transplantio, foram aplicados os tratamentos e avaliadas características físicas como altura da planta, peso da cabeça de repolho-roxo, produtividade comercial e diâmetro. Nas folhas (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio), antocianinas e densidade estomática. Foram também quantificados o aporte total de nitrogênio e fósforo e rentabilidade. Os resultados determinaram que o T5 se destacou em altura da planta com 39,21 cm, peso de uma cabeça de repolho-roxo com 814,3 g, produtividade comercial com 94,85 t ha−1 e diâmetro equatorial com 15,51 cm. Aporte total de nitrogênio de 365,94 kg ha-1. Aporte total de fósforo de 796,27 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Densidade estomática de 691 estômatos/mm2. Rentabilidade de 252,78%. O T4 destacou-se em nutrientes, com concentração total de nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, ferro, manganês, zinco, cloretos, sódio e antocianina, com 122,65 mg/100 g nas folhas. Concluímos que o T5 se destacou em cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, boro e densidade estomática nas folhas, o que otimizou a transpiração, a fotossíntese, a formação e translocação de carboidratos e outros processos bioquímicos, gerando uma concentração considerável de antocianina que atuou como mecanismo de defesa contra estresses nutricionais, ambientais e pragas, resultando em maior produtividade.

Surface cooling in temperate regions is a common biogeophysical response to historical Land‐Use induced Land Cover Change (LULCC). The climate models involved in LUCID show, however, significant differences in the magnitude and the seasonal partitioning of the temperature change. The LULCC‐induced cooling is directed by decreases in absorbed solar radiation, but its amplitude is 30 to 50% smaller than the one that would be expected from the sole radiative changes. This results from direct impacts on the total turbulent energy flux (related to changes in land‐cover properties other than albedo, such as evapotranspiration efficiency or surface roughness) that decreases at all seasons, and thereby induces a relative warming in all models. The magnitude of those processes varies significantly from model to model, resulting on different climate responses to LULCC. To address this uncertainty, we analyzed the LULCC impacts on surface albedo, latent heat and total turbulent energy flux, using a multivariate statistical analysis to mimic the models' responses. The differences are explained by two major ‘features’ varying from one model to another: the land‐cover distribution and the simulated sensitivity to LULCC. The latter explains more than half of the inter‐model spread and resides in how the land‐surface functioning is parameterized, in particular regarding the evapotranspiration partitioning within the different land‐cover types, as well as the role of leaf area index in the flux calculations. This uncertainty has to be narrowed through a more rigorous evaluation of our land‐surface models. Key Points Non‐radiative effects of LULCC reduce by 30 to 50% the albedo‐induced cooling Land use representation is a major cause of uncertainty in the LULCC impacts LSMs' parameterizations lead to divergent evaporation responses to LULCC

Welding of ceramics is a key missing component in modern manufacturing. Current methods cannot join ceramics in proximity to temperature-sensitive materials like polymers and electronic components. We introduce an ultrafast pulsed laser welding approach that relies on focusing light on interfaces to ensure an optical interaction volume in ceramics to stimulate nonlinear absorption processes, causing localized melting rather than ablation. The key is the interplay between linear and nonlinear optical properties and laser energy–material coupling. The welded ceramic assemblies hold high vacuum and have shear strengths comparable to metal-to-ceramic diffusion bonds. Laser welding can make ceramics integral components in devices for harsh environments as well as in optoelectronic and/or electronic packages needing visible-radio frequency transparency.

Climate change affects human health; however, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to quantify the heat-related human health impacts that have already occurred due to climate change. Here, we use empirical data from 732 locations in 43 countries to estimate the mortality burdens associated with the additional heat exposure that has resulted from recent human-induced warming, during the period 1991–2018. Across all study countries, we find that 37.0% (range 20.5–76.3%) of warm-season heat-related deaths can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change and that increased mortality is evident on every continent. Burdens varied geographically but were of the order of dozens to hundreds of deaths per year in many locations. Our findings support the urgent need for more ambitious mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize the public health impacts of climate change.Current and future climate change is expected to impact human health, both indirectly and directly, through increasing temperatures. Climate change has already had an impact and is responsible for 37% of warm-season heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018, with increases in mortality observed globally.