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As the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Iberian Peninsula stands as a key area for understanding the process of modern human dispersal into Eurasia. However, the precise timing, ecological setting and cultural context of this process remains controversial concerning its spatiotemporal distribution within the different regions of the peninsula. While traditional models assumed that the whole Iberian hinterland was avoided by modern humans due to ecological factors until the retreat of the Last Glacial Maximum, recent research has demonstrated that hunter-gatherers entered the Iberian interior at least during Solutrean times. We provide a multi-proxy geoarchaeological, chronometric and paleoecological study on human?environment interactions based on the key site of Peña Capón (Guadalajara, Spain). Results show (1) that this site hosts the oldest modern human presence recorded to date in central Iberia, associated to pre-Solutrean cultural traditions around 26,000 years ago, and (2) that this presence occurred during Heinrich Stadial 2 within harsh environmental conditions. These findings demonstrate that this area of the Iberian hinterland was recurrently occupied regardless of climate and environmental variability, thus challenging the widely accepted hypothesis that ecological risk hampered the human settlement of the Iberian interior highlands since the first arrival of modern humans to Southwest Europe.

The increasing demands for rail units, requiring among other aspects optimal and accurate conditions to mount the catenary, needs a rigorous mechanical calculation where the development of the corresponding computer software is essential in order to solve the various problems in a satisfactory manner. Most of the work done at the moment are based on two-dimensional models, but that model is not quite realistic because the catenary is a structural system, consisting of wires arranged in a zigzag, considering different types of loading as the weight of the wires or the wind effect, acting such charges in different directions. The development of an advanced model in three dimensions can be of great help to achieve more realistic results. This paper is an introduction to the study of mechanical railway catenary based on a three-dimensional model, the method presented here allows different types of static problems to be solved, such as the calculation of the stiffness of the line and the calculation of the length of the droppers.

In this paper a user-friendly environment for the representation of the dynamic results on the pantograph-catenary interactions is presented. This environment consists of an interactive interface for the representation of graphics and another for the representation of video. By means of the first interface for the representation of graphics, the user can interact with the different graphic representations obtained starting from the data generated by the dynamic calculation of catenaries. The objective of the second interface is to generate a video containing the simulation of the interaction between the pantograph and the catenary. The video sequence, generated by the user through its interactions, can be recorded in AVI format. These two interfaces have been integrated in a user-friendly, interactive and graphically oriented tool software called CALPE. This tool is used for the static and dynamic analysis of a catenaries system, which is shown by menas of a real case study.

Regional inversion is the name given to the phenomenon whereby the traditional industrial areas of certain countries lose their weight in favor of what were formerly peripheral zones. Against this background our first objective is to offer a formal and rigorous definition of the concept of regional inversion from an econometric standpoint. To that end we relate such a process with the long-run concepts of convergence and catching-up. Secondly, we test this definition through the use of unit root statistics and apply these to demonstrate the presence of this phenomenon in some of the US two-digit SIC industries.

In this work, an advanced algorithm for the mechanical calculation of the catenary system in a railway is presented. The main objective is to allow an increment in the speed in railways, by developing an accurate mechanical calculation of the catenary. Among the different types of these kind of electrical systems, the so called stitched catenary presents a better dynamical behaviour, because it maintains a more uniform stiffness along the span. Of course, the price to be paid consists of a greater complexity due to the existence of two kinds of carriers, the main and the secondary ones. Finally, the presented algorithm will be used to implement a software tool.

We will present the basis for the mechanical calculation of the catenary sys- tem in a railway, considering static wire equations. Our objective is to allow an increment in the speed in railways, by developing an accurate mechanical calculation of the electric wiring known as catenary. Also two algorithms for the calculation are developed. In the first one, the exact weight of the wire is considered, while in the other, the weight of the wire is estimated as a uniform horizontal load. Finally, this algorithm will be used to implement a software tool. 1 Introduction The evolution in the transport market resulting from the globalization of the economy, the increasing deregulation of the markets, the competition on the base of a customer service, the growing environmental concerns, and the need to ensure a long

The 5d transition metals have attracted specific interest for high-pressure studies due to their extraordinary stability and intriguing electronic properties. In particular, iridium metal has been proposed to exhibit a recently discovered pressure-induced electronic transition, the so-called core-level crossing transition at the lowest pressure among all the 5d transition metals. Here, we report an experimental structural characterization of iridium by x-ray probes sensitive to both long- and short-range order in matter. Synchrotron-based powder x-ray diffraction results highlight a large stability range (up to 1.4 Mbar) of the low-pressure phase. The compressibility behaviour was characterized by an accurate determination of the pressure-volume equation of state, with a bulk modulus of 339(3) GPa and its derivative of 5.3(1). X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which probes the local structure and the empty density of electronic states above the Fermi level, was also utilized. The remarkable agreement observed between experimental and calculated spectra validates the reliability of theoretical predictions of the pressure dependence of the electronic structure of iridium in the studied interval of compressions.

Malnutrition in critically ill patients represents a major concern as it can lead to adverse outcomes including increased morbidity and mortality. These patients exhibit an impaired immune response accompanied by increased oxidative stress. Nutritional support, including parenteral nutrition (PN), is critical in these patients. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs), a key component of PN, provide energy and intervene in the modulation of inflammation. This was a secondary study of a randomized clinical trial at the Reina Sofia University Hospital (Murcia, Spain) for critically ill patients following major abdominal surgery that were administered PN supplemented with olive-oil-based ILE (OO-ILE, n = 29) or a mixed-lipid ILE (soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, OO and fish oil, SMOF-ILE, n = 25). The effects on clinical outcomes, metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated. No significant differences were observed between groups in the clinical parameters and outcomes, oxidative stress, or inflammatory markers. The within-group evaluation demonstrated an increase in total antioxidant capacity in both groups, while OO-ILE increased the levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane. In addition, the results showed that both mixtures reduced the release of IL-1β and IL-6. These findings suggest that both treatments had similar effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in this type of patient.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is an untargeted approach that enables detection of pathogens directly from samples without prior knowledge of their genetic sequences. In the context of pandemic preparedness and One Health surveillance, there is a pressing need for robust viral mNGS workflows that perform reliably across diverse hosts sample types and pre-analytical conditions. The study evaluated two shotgun mNGS workflows, one for swabs and one for complex tissue matrices, using a reference repository of clinical and post-mortem samples. The panel comprised swabs and tissue samples positive for 18 DNA and RNA viruses (including 12 species) from nine host species and nine anatomical sites, encompassing a range of transport media, storage temperatures and processing timelines. Quality control metrics were embedded throughout nucleic acid extraction, library preparation and sequencing to monitor performance and support interpretation. Overall, 88.9% of 18 DNA and RNA viruses previously detected by PCR were identified, including from samples with low nucleic acid concentrations (< 1 ng/µl) and variable integrity and purity. The workflows identified viral co-infections that had not been detected by prior targeted testing, as well as Phocid herpesvirus 7 (PHV7) for which no complete reference genome was initially available. These results demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the swab and tissue mNGS workflows for virus identification across a range of complex clinical specimens supporting their use in investigations of suspected viral diseases of unknown aetiology and is currently being evaluated for early detection of emerging viral threats at the animal-human interface.