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Living conditions in Nazi concentration camps were harsh and inhumane, leading many prisoners to commit suicide. Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg, Germany) was a concentration camp that operated from 1936 to 1945. More than 200,000 people were detained there under Nazi rule. This study analyzes deaths classified as suicides by inmates in this camp, classified as homosexuals, both according to the surviving Nazi files. This collective was especially repressed by the Nazi authorities. Data was collected from the archives of Sachsenhausen Memorial and the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen. Original death certificates and autopsy reports were reviewed. Until the end of World War II, there are 14 death certificates which state \"suicide\" as cause of death of prisoners classified as homosexuals, all of them men aged between 23 and 59 years and of various religions and social strata. Based on a population of 1,200 prisoners classified as homosexuals, this allows us to calculate a suicide rate of 1,167/100,000 (over the period of eight years) for this population, a rate 10 times higher than for global inmates (111/100,000). However, our study has several limitations: not all suicides are registered; some murders were covered-up as suicides; most documents were lost during the war or destroyed by the Nazis when leaving the camps and not much data is available from other camps to compare. We conclude that committing suicides in Sachsenhausen was a common practice, although accurate data may be impossible to obtain.

Miranda de Ebro was created in 1937 to imprison Republicans and foreigners who fought with the International Brigades in Spanish Civil War. From 1940, the camp was used only to concentrate detained foreign refugees with no proper documents. More than 15 000 people, most of them from France and Poland, were kept there until the camp was closed in January 1947. Playing both sides of the international divide, fascist Spain at various points in time allowed passage and was a country of refuge both for those escaping Nazism and for Nazis and collaborators who, at the end of World War II (WWII), sought to escape justice. Treatment of each of these groups passing through Miranda was very different: real repression was meted out to the members of the International Brigades (IB), tolerance shown towards those escaping Nazism, and protection and active cooperation given to former Nazis and their collaborators. For the first time, data about foreign physicians imprisoned in Miranda de Ebro were consulted in the Guadalajara Military Archive (Spain). From 1937 to 1947, 151 doctors were imprisoned, most of them in 1942 and 1943, which represents around 1% of the prisoners. Fifty-two of the doctors were released thanks to diplomatic efforts, thirty-two by the Red Cross, and ten were sent to other prisons, directly released or managed to escape. All of them survived. After consulting private and public archives, it was possible to reconstruct some biographies and fill the previous existing gap in the history of migration and exile of doctors during the Second World War.

Torture is a practice as old as humanity itself, although its objectives have changed throughout history. The participation of medical personnel in the exercise of torture has been common in some historical moments. During the middle ages, torture was the instrument used by justice to obtain confessions, but doctors did not regularly participate in it. For the first time, the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina (1532) is the body of laws that requires the official presence of a doctor in the torture sessions, acting as another judicial official. The twentieth century represented a drastic change in the role of the health professional in relation to torture, who began to play an active part in this process. Torture methods changed drastically, going from the classic methods of inflicting physical pain, to other more modern methods, in which psychological and psychiatric techniques and psychotropics predominate. The Nazi doctors applied mind control techniques with psychotropic drugs to prisoners. In dictatorial countries, such as the former Soviet Union and China, punitive psychiatry was used to punish political dissidents, and in the South American dictatorships, doctors actively collaborated in the exercise of physical torture. The paradigm of torture changed with the events of Abu Ghraib, and the use of torture was justified by the democratic authorities as a war weapon against terrorism. To avoid the participation of health professionals in torture, additional actions are required, such as promoting extra ethical training in doctors, and close monitoring for compliance with all international covenants, agreements and treaties against torture.

After World War II, Sachsenhausen Nazi concentration camp (Oranienburg) was administered until the spring of 1950 by Soviet occupation forces (Special Camp Number 7) and used mainly for political prisoners. Our study analyzes suicides in this camp during the Soviet period. Data was collected from the archives of Sachsenhausen Memorial, Special Camp Collection. Original documents containing certificates or autopsy reports of prisoners who committing suicide were reviewed. In this period, authorities registered 17 suicides. The age of suicides was between 19 and 64 years. The most frequent cause of imprisonment was Blockleiter (Kapo in Nazi period, n = 4), Mitarbeiter Gestapo (member of the Gestapo, n = 3) and Wehrmacht (military, n = 3). Hanging was the most frequent method of suicide. The average time spent in the camp until suicide was 715 days. The number of recorded suicides under Soviet control is considerably lower (calculated rate 2.8/10,000 per year) than under Nazi control (calculated rate 11/10,000 per year). This could be due to comparably more favorable conditions for prisoners and the abolishment of the death penalty during this period. Possible motives for suicides include feelings of guilt for crimes committed, fear of punishment and a misguided understanding of honor on the eve of criminal trials.

Background: Semicircular lipoatrophy (SL) is a benign pathology characterized by subcutaneous adipose tissue atrophy. Objective: To determine causes of SL. Methods: We performed research on 42 cases of SL who had developed symptoms of lipoatrophy with a technical study of the building and clinical study of the affected patients. Results: Electromagnetic field and electrostatic charge measurements were performed. No signals different from typical radio, TV and other wireless communication devices were recorded. Electrostatic charges were recorded in floors, environments and on different furniture; they were positive, and all charges disappeared on contact with the worker's skin. Data about the workplace were collected, and clinical examinations were performed, including blood and biochemistry tests and 18 ultrasound skin tests. Conclusions: As no abnormal electromagnetic measurements were found and electrostatic changes and occupational behaviors showed some relevant data and as after changes in order to control the electrostatic environment all of them improved, we can conclude that electrostatic charges but not electromagnetic ones are the main cause of SL.

Lupus erythematosus profundus is a rare manifestation of lupus. We conducted a study to observe the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of lupus erythematosus profundus, its development into other types of lupus or systemic disease, and its response to treatment. Six patients were followed for variable periods. We conclude that lupus erythematosus profundus is a benign form of lupus, distinguishable by systemic manifestations, clinical evolution and resolution, and heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. A skin biopsy is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.

Melanoma is a tumor that has a high tendency to metastasize to the skin. Zosteriform metastases are a rare form of metastasizing melanoma. We describe a 79-year-old man with melanoma presenting with a dermatomal distribution and no visceral metastases.