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"Cullinane, Kevin"
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Evaluating the Costs of Decarbonizing the Shipping Industry: A Review of the Literature
The decarbonization of the shipping industry has risen to a new level of significance on the agendas of policy makers and strategic decision makers. This paper focuses on the likely cost implications for the shipping industry of recently implemented, and future planned policies that seek to reduce the carbon footprint of the sector. The scale of the problem is presented through a summary review of the International Maritime Organization’s fourth greenhouse gas study of 2020. The regulatory context, which is emerging as a response to overcoming this challenge, is analyzed at both the global and EU level. The potential cost implications for the future, in terms of this new regulatory context, are then analyzed on the basis of a review of academic and industry sources. Our paper concludes that alternative, zero-carbon fuels are the best way forward, but that operational and technological innovations will not be sufficient to bring about the complete decarbonization of the industry within the foreseeable future. Thus, market-based measures are required. Finally, the options available, and the likely implications of each of these options, is addressed, suggesting that there will be both winners and losers in the race to decarbonize the shipping industry.
Journal Article
Time at ports in short sea shipping: When timing is crucial
From the perspective of Short Sea Shipping (SSS), as an intermodal competitor in the freight market, the time spent within the whole transport corridor is a major issue, in contrast to deep sea shipping where differences in time may not be as relevant as, for example, the contract of carriage or a ship’s position, among other aspects. Although there exist numerous studies that have estimated port or terminal efficiency, most have focused on quantities as outputs and factors such as labour force or capital as inputs, mainly through the use of techniques such as data envelopment analysis or stochastic frontier analysis. The structure of the time ships spend in ports has generally not been considered. After reviewing the port efficiency literature and by taking into consideration the structure of the time ships spend in SSS ports or terminals, this article develops a theoretical analysis of this concept and proposes the direct utilization of the time in ports as a suitable measure for port efficiency analysis. From an empirical example, we show how the inclusion of time in efficiency analysis can modify the results derived from a more traditional approach based just on quantities.
Journal Article
Airline Economics in Europe
In recent years, the European air transport industry has seen a number of important changes, with more on the horizon. This comprehensive work presents a multi-faceted analysis of the air industry in Europe, how it has developed in recent years, and how it is set to develop further into the future.
eBook
Assessing the Impact of Disruptive Events on Port Performance and Choice: The Case of Gothenburg
This paper assesses the impact of a major disruptive event at the port of Gothenburg, Scandinavia’s largest container port. Automatic Identification System (AIS) data is analyzed, in combination with official port statistics on container handling in the four main container ports in Sweden, from 2014–2018. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between container volumes handled and calculated performance metrics at the specific times of the intense labour dispute at the port of Gothenburg during the periods Q2 (2016) and Q4 (2016)–Q2 (2017). The paper concludes that the decline in container volumes handled at Gothenburg over the period is specifically due to fewer ships calling at the port following each of the intense periods of the labour dispute. It is also concluded that the effect on competitor ports in the region were significant in terms of both increased volumes of gateway container traffic and the resulting short-term and medium term impacts on both port user profiles and port efficiency levels.
Journal Article
Identifying the Main Opportunities and Challenges from the Implementation of a Port Energy Management System: A SWOT/PESTLE Analysis
Climate change is among the greatest environmental threats facing the globe today and the abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is concerning all the industrial sectors contributing to the problem. The maritime transport sector has already implemented several measures for energy efficiency for the reduction of its GHG emissions, including both vessels and ports. This paper focuses on the prospects and challenges facing the development of a port energy management system. It analyzes the main factors which exert an impact on such a plan and that need to be taken into account for its successful implementation. A SWOT/PESTLE analysis is utilized for the identification of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that have a positive or negative effect on the adoption and successful implementation of a port energy management system. This analysis is based on empirical data from two leading North-European port authorities. Given the fact that ports are currently focusing on the reduction of their energy consumption, this paper’s results have particular significance in that they could enlighten and inform the adoption of a port energy management plan within ports.
Journal Article
The Reverse Logistics of Cross-Border e-Tailing in Europe: Developing a Research Agenda to Assess the Environmental Impacts
The purpose of this article is to develop a research agenda to analyze the potential environmental implications of the reverse logistics involved in the B2C element of cross-border clothing e-tailing. Based on a combination of literature review and primary case study data from five major clothing retailers and two logistics service providers in Sweden, a categorization of cross-border reverse chain possibilities is developed. Seven reverse chain types are identified and it is shown that all of the five retailers use multiple reverse chain types. The results are subsequently used to highlight research gaps and define a future research agenda which will enable a more complete environmental analysis of the impacts of online clothes shopping incorporating both the outward and reverse elements.
Journal Article
The prospects for, and implications of, emissions trading in shipping
The decarbonisation of shipping has become a high priority on the environmental and political agenda. The prospect of implementing an Emissions Trading System (ETS) for shipping has come to prominence as a proposed mechanism for speeding up the decarbonisation of the industry, with the EU taking proactive action to include shipping within the EU ETS by 2023. This paper analyses and provides a qualitative review of the historical development of the discussions and actions taken at both global level (by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)) and at regional level within the EU. A SWOT analysis of the potential implementation of an ETS for shipping is then presented. The paper concludes that an ETS for shipping can incentivise greater investment in, and deployment of, green technologies that will have the effect of reducing the carbon footprint of the shipping industry. However, the speed and significance of this effect will depend upon the specific shipping market segment and the relative stage in shipping market cycles over time. It is further concluded that despite the imminent unilateral introduction of shipping into the EU ETS, it is important that the IMO continues its work to develop a global ETS that promotes a ‘level playing field’ for competition within the sector and eliminates the risk of carbon leakage.
Journal Article
Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line
The aim of this paper is to analyse shipping firms’ reactions to environmental challenges and identify how significant reductions in energy consumption and air emissions can come about by implementing a variety of voluntary initiatives. The paper focuses on the various sustainability initiatives implemented by the Swedish short sea shipping operator, Stena Line, either on a purely voluntary basis as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy or as their chosen route for compliance with regulations. A conceptual model is developed based on stakeholder theory, the theory of planned behaviour and resource dependence theory to understand the main drivers of the firm’s adoption of sustainability initiatives and the factors affecting the integration of CSR in maritime companies. According to our findings, the company operates within a strongly enforced regulatory environmental framework and needs to exceed this framework to differentiate its service and strengthen its relationships with its customers by addressing their social and environmental concerns. As the firm’s competitive strategy focuses on service differentiation, a large pool of complementary resources is available for CSR and the implementation of sustainability practices. The results of this paper bring new insights to the potential of local private voluntary initiatives for the reduction of maritime air emissions. These include the provision of onshore power supply, the conversion of vessels to use methanol, ferry electrification, the construction of larger RoPax vessels and the implementation of an energy-saving program that focuses on crew involvement and continuous training. The environmental outcomes derived from a combination of local operational and technical energy efficiency measures are found to be significant and can contribute to the efforts for the achievement of sustainable maritime transport undertaken by international and regional organisations. The main barriers for the adoption of voluntary sustainability initiatives in the maritime sector are economic and technological. To encourage the wider adoption of these initiatives, the provision of economic incentives at national or regional level is crucial, as such initiatives usually imply high initial installation costs that should be somehow compensated for both vessels and terminals.
Journal Article