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Introduction The adoption of measurement instruments such as the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is essential to assess clinical competencies in nursing students. Objective The purpose of this study is to develop an OSCE, analyze its validity and reliability in the nursing curriculum and measure self-assessment, stress and satisfaction. Methods The observational validation study of a measurement instrument was carried out in two phases: the design and development of the OSCE and validity and reliability analysis. Results A total of 118 students participated in the study. Ten scenarios were designed that incorporated six competency components extracted from the curriculum. Good results were obtained in face validity, content validity (CVI .82-.95), criterion validity (r = .71, p < .001), and reliability (α Cronbach .84). Satisfaction and stress scores were high, and self-assessment scores were lower than the scores obtained. Conclusion A rigorously designed OSCE provides a reliable and valid method for assessing the clinical competence of nursing students.

This study evaluates the impact of high-fidelity simulation on the acquisition and retention of competencies in nursing students. High-fidelity simulation provides a realistic and risk-free environment allowing students to practice, which potentially enhances the acquisition and retention of required competencies. A blinded, randomised clinical trial with three arms was conducted with a pretest and a follow-up at 6 months (post-test 1) and 12 months (post-test 2). This study was conducted with 105 s-year nursing students, divided into three groups: control (6 low-fidelity simulations), intervention 1 (3 high-fidelity and 3 low-fidelity) and intervention 2 (6 high-fidelity simulations). Competencies were assessed using the Objective Structured Clinical Examination at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Student satisfaction was measured with the Simulated Clinical Experiences Scale. Initial competency scores were similar across groups. At 6 months, both intervention groups showed significant improvements in critical thinking (6.2 and 6.0, p < 0.05), clinical skills (6.8 and 6.6, p < 0.05), communication (8.0 and 8.3, p < 0.05) and ethics (7.6 and 7.5, p < 0.05) compared with the control group. Intervention group 1 demonstrated better competency retention at 12 months. Overall satisfaction with highfidelity simulation was high (9.13/10), with particular praise for the practical dimension (8.95/10), realism (8.02/10) and the cognitive dimension (9.43/10). High-fidelity simulation has the potential to enhance nursing competencies effectively. This approach supports long-term skill retention, highlighting the importance of a well-structured curriculum that integrates different simulation levels for optimal student preparation for clinical practice.

Cognitive impairment and behavioral changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are now recognized as part of the disease. Whether it is solely related to the extent of TDP‐43 pathology is currently unclear. We aim to evaluate the influence of age, genetics, neuropathological features, and concomitant pathologies on cognitive impairment in ALS patients. We analyzed a postmortem series of 104 ALS patients and retrospectively reviewed clinical and neuropathological data. We assessed the burden and extent of concomitant pathologies, the role of APOE ε4 and mutations, and correlated these findings with cognitive status. We performed a logistic regression model to identify which pathologies are related to cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline was recorded in 38.5% of the subjects. Neuropathological features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) were found in 32.7%, explaining most, but not all, cases with cognitive impairment. Extent of TDP‐43 pathology and the presence of hippocampal sclerosis were associated with cognitive impairment. Mutation carriers presented a higher burden of TDP‐43 pathology and FTLD more frequently than sporadic cases. Most cases (89.4%) presented some degree of concomitant pathologies. The presence of concomitant pathologies was associated with older age at death. FTLD, but also Alzheimer’s disease, were the predominant underlying pathologies explaining the cognitive impairment in ALS patients. In sum, FTLD explained the presence of cognitive decline in most but not all ALS cases, while other non‐FTLD related findings can influence the cognitive status, particularly in older age groups.

The main aim of this project is to create a tool for the automatic annotation of factuality expressed in Spanish texts. We intend the representation to be very rich, so it will be carried out from three different perspectives: multilevel, multidimensional and multitextual. The multilevel analysis gives account of the various linguistic markers that express the degree of certainty of an event at the morphological and syntactic, as well as discourse, levels. The multidimensional analysis accounts for the varied number of voices that assess an event. Finally, the multitextual analysis will take into account the various texts about the same event, which is one of the most innovative aspects of our proposal.