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Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp. colonising the nasopharynx can create risk factors of therapeutic treatment failure or prophylaxis in pregnant women. Resistance is mostly encoded on plasmids (e.g., blaZ gene for penicillinase synthesis) or chromosomes (e.g., mecA and mecC for methicillin resistance). The mecA gene is part of the chromosomal mec gene cassette (SCCmec), which is also located on the plasmid. The disc diffusion method for the selected drugs (beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, streptogramins, aminoglicosides, macrolides, oxasolidinones, tetracyclines and other groups) was used. PCR for blaZ, mecA and mecC genes and SCCmec cassette detection and typing were performed. S. aureus (54.4%) and S. epidermidis (27.9%) were the most prevalent and showed the highest diversity of resistance profiles. The blaZ, mecA and mecC genes were reported in 95.6%, 20.6% and 1.5% of isolates, respectively. The highest resistance was found to beta-lactams, commonly used during pregnancy. Resistance to a variety of antimicrobials, including benzylpenicillin resistance in blaZ-positive isolates, and the existence of a very high diversity of SCCmec cassette structures in all staphylococci selected from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of pregnant women were observed for the first time. Knowledge of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in the nasopharynx of pregnant women may be important for the appropriate treatment or prophylaxis of this group of patients.

Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp. colonising the nasopharynx can create risk factors of therapeutic treatment failure or prophylaxis in pregnant women. Resistance is mostly encoded on plasmids (e.g., blaZ gene for penicillinase synthesis) or chromosomes (e.g., mecA and mecC for methicillin resistance). The mecA gene is part of the chromosomal mec gene cassette (SCCmec), which is also located on the plasmid. The disc diffusion method for the selected drugs (beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, streptogramins, aminoglicosides, macrolides, oxasolidinones, tetracyclines and other groups) was used. PCR for blaZ, mecA and mecC genes and SCCmec cassette detection and typing were performed. S. aureus (54.4%) and S. epidermidis (27.9%) were the most prevalent and showed the highest diversity of resistance profiles. The blaZ, mecA and mecC genes were reported in 95.6%, 20.6% and 1.5% of isolates, respectively. The highest resistance was found to beta-lactams, commonly used during pregnancy. Resistance to a variety of antimicrobials, including benzylpenicillin resistance in blaZ-positive isolates, and the existence of a very high diversity of SCCmec cassette structures in all staphylococci selected from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of pregnant women were observed for the first time. Knowledge of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in the nasopharynx of pregnant women may be important for the appropriate treatment or prophylaxis of this group of patients.

Antimicrobial resistance in spp. colonising the nasopharynx can create risk factors of therapeutic treatment failure or prophylaxis in pregnant women. Resistance is mostly encoded on plasmids (e.g., gene for penicillinase synthesis) or chromosomes (e.g., and for methicillin resistance). The gene is part of the chromosomal gene cassette (SCC ), which is also located on the plasmid. The disc diffusion method for the selected drugs (beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, streptogramins, aminoglicosides, macrolides, oxasolidinones, tetracyclines and other groups) was used. PCR for , and genes and SCC cassette detection and typing were performed. (54.4%) and (27.9%) were the most prevalent and showed the highest diversity of resistance profiles. The and genes were reported in 95.6%, 20.6% and 1.5% of isolates, respectively. The highest resistance was found to beta-lactams, commonly used during pregnancy. Resistance to a variety of antimicrobials, including benzylpenicillin resistance in -positive isolates, and the existence of a very high diversity of SCC cassette structures in all staphylococci selected from the nasopharyngeal microbiota of pregnant women were observed for the first time. Knowledge of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in the nasopharynx of pregnant women may be important for the appropriate treatment or prophylaxis of this group of patients.

Expansion of a (G 4 C 2 ) n repeat in C9orf72 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the link of the five repeat-encoded dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins to neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and neurodegeneration is unclear. Poly-PR is most toxic in vitro, but poly-GA is far more abundant in patients. To directly compare these in vivo, we created congenic poly-GA and poly-PR mice. 40% of poly-PR mice were affected with ataxia and seizures, requiring euthanasia by 6 weeks of age. The remaining poly-PR mice were asymptomatic at 14 months of age, likely due to an 80% reduction of the transgene mRNA in this subgroup. In contrast, all poly-GA mice showed selective neuron loss, inflammation, as well as muscle denervation and wasting requiring euthanasia before 7 weeks of age. In-depth analysis of peripheral organs and blood samples suggests that peripheral organ failure does not drive these phenotypes. Although transgene mRNA levels were similar between poly-GA and affected poly-PR mice, poly-GA aggregated far more abundantly than poly-PR in the CNS and was also found in skeletal muscle. In addition, TDP-43 and other disease-linked RNA-binding proteins co-aggregated in rare nuclear inclusions in the hippocampus and frontal cortex only in poly-GA mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of an interferon-responsive pro-inflammatory microglial signature in end-stage poly-GA but not poly-PR mice. This signature was also found in all ALS patients and enriched in C9orf72 cases. In summary, our rigorous comparison of poly-GA and poly-PR toxicity in vivo indicates that poly-GA, but not poly-PR at the same mRNA expression level, promotes interferon responses in C9orf72 disease and contributes to TDP-43 abnormalities and neuron loss selectively in disease-relevant regions.

We report occurrences of Orobanche grenieri (Orobanchaceae) in the Lesser Caucasus in southern Georgia (western Asia), and in Badakhshan in Tajikistan (central Asia). These localities are more than 3000 and 5000 km apart from its previously known distribution areas in Spain and France, respectively. We used morphological evidence as well as nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid rbcL sequences to test the taxonomic assignment of the Georgian plants to O. grenieri and to determine their phylogenetic position. We list the features that differentiate O. grenieri from morphologically similar species, provide illustrations, a distribution map, and we propose an IUCN conservation status for the Georgian populations.