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"D. Schmidt"
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Industrial violence and the legal origins of child labor
\"Industrial Violence and the Legal Origins of Child Labor challenges existing understandings of child labor by tracing how law altered the meanings of work for young people in the United States between the Revolution and the Great Depression. Rather than locating these shifts in statutory reform or economic development, it finds the origin in litigations that occurred in the wake of industrial accidents incurred by young workers. Drawing on archival case records from the Appalachian South between the 1880s and the 1920s, the book argues that young workers and their families envisioned an industrial childhood that rested on negotiating safe workplaces, a vision at odds with child labor reform. Local court battles over industrial violence confronted working people with a legal language of childhood incapacity and slowly moved them to accept the lexicon of child labor. In this way, the law fashioned the broad social relations of modern industrial childhood\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO2 records
Theory and climate modelling suggest that the sensitivity of Earth’s climate to changes in radiative forcing could depend on the background climate. However, palaeoclimate data have thus far been insufficient to provide a conclusive test of this prediction. Here we present atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) reconstructions based on multi-site boron-isotope records from the late Pliocene epoch (3.3 to 2.3 million years ago). We find that Earth’s climate sensitivity to CO
2
-based radiative forcing (Earth system sensitivity) was half as strong during the warm Pliocene as during the cold late Pleistocene epoch (0.8 to 0.01 million years ago). We attribute this difference to the radiative impacts of continental ice-volume changes (the ice–albedo feedback) during the late Pleistocene, because equilibrium climate sensitivity is identical for the two intervals when we account for such impacts using sea-level reconstructions. We conclude that, on a global scale, no unexpected climate feedbacks operated during the warm Pliocene, and that predictions of equilibrium climate sensitivity (excluding long-term ice-albedo feedbacks) for our Pliocene-like future (with CO
2
levels up to maximum Pliocene levels of 450 parts per million) are well described by the currently accepted range of an increase of 1.5 K to 4.5 K per doubling of CO
2
.
A new record of Pliocene carbon dioxide variations derived from boron isotopes shows that climate sensitivity (the change in global mean temperature in response to radiative forcing) during the Plio-Pleistocene does not vary when cycles in continental ice are taken into account; this suggests that current estimates can be used to predict future climate.
Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity
Climate sensitivity — the change in global mean temperature in response to a given change in radiative forcing — is one of the main uncertainties in our understanding of past and future climate change. Some work, for example, has suggested that climate sensitivity may vary depending on the mean climate state itself. But to date, the lack of high-resolution records of atmospheric CO
2
records for times predating what is covered by the Pleistocene ice cores has precluded an assessment of climate sensitivity for warm periods like the Pliocene. Miguel Martinez-Boti
et al
. present a new record of Pliocene CO
2
variations derived from deep-ocean sediment boron isotope data and show that — when the presence of large ice sheets in the Pleistocene is taken into account — climate sensitivity does not vary, suggesting that current estimates are appropriate for projections of future climate.
Journal Article
The Wednesday wars
During the 1967 school year, on Wednesday afternoons when all his classmates go to either Catechism or Hebrew school, seventh-grader Holling Hoodhood stays in Mrs. Baker's classroom where they read the plays of William Shakespeare and Holling learns much of value about the world in which he lives.
Book
Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults
The Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine, which elicited antibodies and T cells specific for the Covid-19 virus in adults 55 years of age or younger, elicited similarly high levels of neutralizing-antibody and CD4 T-cell responses in a small group of older adults, including those 71 years of age or older.
Journal Article
Okay for now
As a fourteen-year-old who just moved to a new town, with no friends, an abusive father, and a louse for an older brother, Doug Swieteck has all the stats stacked against him until he finds an ally in Lil Spicer, a fiery young lady. Together, they find a safe haven in the local library, inspiration in learning about the plates of John James Audubon's birds, and a hilarious adventure on a Broadway stage.
Book
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Two inoculations with a new SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccine that encodes a protein in the coronavirus spike elicited high titers of virus-neutralizing antibody in healthy adult volunteers. Virus-specific T-cell responses were also elicited. Interim findings indicated that a dose of 100 μg per injection maximized immune response and minimized the reactogenicity of the vaccine.
Journal Article
Pay attention, Carter Jones
Sixth-grader Carter must adjust to the unwelcome presence of a know-it-all butler who is determined to help him become a gentleman, and also to deal with burdens from the past.
Book
Enhanced light-matter interaction in an atomically thin semiconductor coupled with dielectric nano-antennas
Unique structural and optical properties of atomically thin two-dimensional semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides enable in principle their efficient coupling to photonic cavities having the optical mode volume close to or below the diffraction limit. Recently, it has become possible to make all-dielectric nano-cavities with reduced mode volumes and negligible non-radiative losses. Here, we realise low-loss high-refractive-index dielectric gallium phosphide (GaP) nano-antennas with small mode volumes coupled to atomic mono- and bilayers of WSe
2
. We observe a photoluminescence enhancement exceeding 10
4
compared with WSe
2
placed on planar GaP, and trace its origin to a combination of enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate, favourable modification of the photoluminescence directionality and enhanced optical excitation efficiency. A further effect of the coupling is observed in the photoluminescence polarisation dependence and in the Raman scattering signal enhancement exceeding 10
3
. Our findings reveal dielectric nano-antennas as a promising platform for engineering light-matter coupling in two-dimensional semiconductors.
Dielectric nano-antennas may be used as a platform for boosting light-matter coupling in 2D semiconductors. Here, the authors demonstrate the coupling of atomically thin WSe
2
with low-loss, high-refractive-index GaP nano-antennas and observe a 10000-fold WSe
2
photoluminescence enhancement.
Journal Article
Expanding the Inventory of Molecule-rich Planetary Nebulae: New Observations of M4-17, Hu 1-1, M1-59, and Na 2
Molecular observations of four planetary nebulae (PNe), M4-17, Hu 1-1, M1-59, and Na 2, were conducted at 1–3 mm using the Arizona Radio Observatory’s 12 m antenna and Submillimeter Telescope, and the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique 30 m Telescope. Toward M4-17, HNC (J = 3 → 2), CCH (N = 2 → 1, N = 3 → 2), CN (N = 1 → 0, N = 2 → 1), H2CO (J Ka,Kc = 21,2 → 11,1, J Ka,Kc = 20,2 → 10,1, J Ka,Kc = 21,1 → 11,0), CS (J = 3 → 2, J = 5 → 4), and H13CN (J = 2 → 1) were detected. An almost identical set of transitions was identified toward Hu 1-1. Moreover, c–C3H2 was detected in Hu 1-1 via three 2 mm lines: J Ka,Kc = 31,2 → 22,1, J Ka,Kc = 41,4 → 30,3, and J Ka,Kc = 32, 2 → 21,1. HNC, CCH, CN, CS, and H13CN were found in M1-59, as well as H2S via its J Ka,Kc = 11,0 → 10,1 line—the first detection of this key sulfur species in PNe. In addition, CCH and CN were identified in the 27,000 yr old Na 2. Among these four sources, CN and CCH were the most prevalent molecules (after CO and H2) with fractional abundances, relative to H2, of f ∼ 0.9–7.5 × 10−7 and 0.8–7.5 × 10−7, respectively. CS and HNC have abundances in the range f ∼ 0.5–5 × 10−8, the latter resulting in HCN/HNC ∼ 3 across all three PNe. The unusual species H2CO, c–C3H2, and H2S had f ∼ 3–4 × 10−7, 10−8, and 6 × 10−8. This study suggests that elliptical PNe such as Hu 1-1 can have a diverse molecular composition. The presence of CN, CCH, and HCO+ in Na 2, with comparable abundances to younger PNe, demonstrates that molecular content is maintained into the late PN stage.
Journal Article