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Successful science communication : telling it like it is
\"In the 25 years since the 'Bodmer Report' kick-started the public understanding of science movement, there has been something of a revolution in science communication. However, despite the ever-growing demands of the public, policy-makers and the media, many scientists still find it difficult to successfully explain and publicise their activities or to understand and respond to people's hopes and concerns about their work. Bringing together experienced and successful science communicators from across the academic, commercial and media worlds, this practical guide fills this gap to provide a one-stop resource covering science communication in its many different forms. The chapters provide vital background knowledge and inspiring ideas for how to deal with different situations and interest groups. Entertaining personal accounts of projects ranging from podcasts, to science festivals, to student-run societies give working examples of how scientists can engage with their audiences and demonstrate the key ingredients in successful science communication\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Low Birth Weight Across Generations: The Effect of Economic Environment
To determine whether economic environment across generations underlies the association of maternal low birth weight (<2,500 g, LBW) and infant LBW including its preterm (<37 weeks) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) components. Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed on an Illinois transgenerational dataset of White and African-American infants (1989–1991) and their mothers (1956–1976) with appended US census income data. Population Attributable Risk percentages were calculated to estimate the percentage of LBW births attributable to maternal LBW. Among Whites, former LBW mothers (
N
= 651) had an infant LBW rate of 7.1% versus 3.9% for former non-LBW mothers (
N
= 11,505); RR = 1.8 (1.4–2.5). In multilevel logistic regression models that controlled for economic environment and individual maternal risk factors, the adjusted OR of infant LBW, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth retardation for maternal LBW (compared to non-LBW) equaled 1.8 (1.3–2.5), 1.3 (1.0–1.8), and 1.8 (1.5–2.3), respectively. Among African-Americans, former LBW mothers (
N
= 3,087) had an infant LBW rate of 19.5% versus 13.3% for former non-LBW mothers (
N
= 18,558); RR = 1.5 (1.3–1.6). In multilevel logistic models of African-Americans, the adjusted OR of infant LBW, preterm birth, and IUGR for maternal LBW (compared to non-LBW) were 1.6 (1.4–1.8), 1.3 (1.2–1.5), and 1.6 (1.5–1.8), respectively. In both races, approximately five percent of LBW infants with mothers and maternal grandmother who resided in high-income neighborhoods were attributable to maternal LBW. A similar generational transmission of LBW including its component pathways of preterm birth and intrauterine growth retardation occurs in both races independent of economic environment across generations.
Journal Article
Differing Birth Weight among Infants of U.S.-Born Blacks, African-Born Blacks, and U.S.-Born Whites
During the past 40 years, epidemiologic research has elucidated many important associations between the sociodemographic characteristics of mothers and the birth weight of infants.
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–
4
For example, the extremes of childbearing age,
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cigarette smoking,
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inadequate prenatal care,
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urban poverty,
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and black race
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are well-documented risk factors for low birth weight. Other obstetrical risk factors account for part of the racial disparity in birth weights, but differences persist.
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–
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Although the incidence of low birth weight decreases in both blacks and whites as the number of risk factors declines, the improvement is faster among whites, resulting in a wider birth-weight gap . . .
Journal Article
The making of America's culture regions
\"Richard L. Nostrand's regional geography framework emphasizes the three themes that are central to cultural geography to explain the formation and change of culture regions in the United States\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Low Birth Weight Among Infants Born to Black Latina Women in the United States
Objectives To explore associations between race, nativity, and low birth weight (LBW) among Latina and non-Latina women, with special attention to the Black Latina subgroup. Methods Using US natality data from 2011 to 2013, we designed a population-based study to compare LBW (< 2500 g) rates across six groups of women with self-identified race (N = 7,865,264)—White and Black Latina, foreign-born and US-born; non-Latina Black; and non-Latina White—creating 4 models for analysis: unadjusted (Model 1) and adjusted for sociodemographic factors (Model 2), sociodemographic plus medical risk factors (Model 3), and Model 3 factors plus smoking (Model 4). Results Infant LBW rate for Black Latinas (7.9%) was higher than White Latinas (5.6%) and varied by nativity: US-born (8.9%) versus foreign-born (6.1%). Among all study groups, US-born Black Latinas’ LBW rate (8.9%) was second only to non-Latina Blacks (11.0%). In unadjusted Model 1, US-born Black Latinas had 81% (odds ratio [OR]: 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74–1.88) and foreign-born Black Latinas had 22% (OR: 1.22; 95% CI 1.15–1.29) higher odds of LBW than non-Latina White women (reference group). However, in Model 2, ORs for foreign-born Black Latinas were nearly identical to non-Latina Whites (OR: 1.03; 95% CI 0.97–1.1), while US-born Black Latinas’ odds were still 47% higher (OR: 1.47; 95% CI 1.42–1.53). Model 3 ORs for each group were similar to Model 2. Conclusions for Practice A significant subgroup of Latina women self-identify as Black, and their LBW rates are higher than White Latinas. Black Latinas born in the United States fare worse than their foreign-born counterparts, implicating negative effects of Black race specific to the US context.
Journal Article
Very Low Birthweight in African American Infants: The Role of Maternal Exposure to Interpersonal Racial Discrimination
Objectives. We determined whether African American women’s lifetime exposure to interpersonal racial discrimination is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Methods. We performed a case–control study among 104 African American women who delivered very low birthweight (<1500 g) preterm (<37 weeks) infants and 208 African American women who delivered non–low-birthweight (>2500g) term infants in Chicago, Ill. Results. The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio of very low birthweight infants for maternal lifetime exposure to interpersonal racism in 3 or more domains equaled 3.2 (95% confidence intervals=1.5, 6.6) and 2.6 (1.2, 5.3), respectively. This association tended to persist across maternal sociodemographic, biomedical, and behavioral characteristics. Conclusions. The lifelong accumulated experiences of racial discrimination by African American women constitute an independent risk factor for preterm delivery.
Journal Article
Layers of Inequality: Power, Policy, and Health
Despite leading the world in remarkable advances in newborn care, the United States has the highest infant mortality rate of all affluent industrialized nations. In fact, a growing number of not- so-affluent nations also outperform the United States in infant survival.
Journal Article