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The scope of this book covers the modeling and forecast of renewable energy and operation and planning of power system with renewable energy integration. The first part presents mathematical theories of stochastic mathematics; the second presents modelling and analytic techniques for renewable energy generation; the third provides solutions on how to handle the uncertainty of renewable energy in power system operation. It includes advanced stochastic unit commitment models to acquire the optimal generation schedule under uncertainty, efficient algorithms to calculate the probabilistic power, and an efficient operation strategy for renewable power plants participating in electricity markets.

The spatial patterns of biodiversity and their underlying mechanisms have been an active area of research for a long time. In this study, a total of 63 samples (20m × 30m) were systematically established along elevation gradients on Mount Tai and Mount Lao, China. We explored altitudinal patterns of plant diversity in the two mountain systems. In order to understand the mechanisms driving current diversity patterns, we used phylogenetic approaches to detect the spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic structure along two elevation gradients. We found that total species richness had a monotonically decreasing pattern and tree richness had a unimodal pattern along the elevation gradients in the two study areas. However, altitudinal patterns in shrub richness and herbs richness were not consistent on the two mountains. At low elevation, anthropogenic disturbances contributed to the increase of plant diversity, especially for shrubs and herbs in understory layers, which are more sensitive to changes in microenvironment. The phylogenetic structure of plant communities exhibited an inverted hump-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient on Mount Tai, which demonstrates that environmental filtering is the main driver of plant community assembly at high and low elevations and inter-specific competition may be the main driver of plant community assembly in the middle elevations. However, the phylogenetic structure of plant communities did not display a clear pattern on Mount Lao where the climate is milder. Phylogenetic beta diversity and species beta diversity consistently increased with increasing altitudinal divergence in the two study areas. However, the altitudinal patterns of species richness did not completely mirror phylogenetic diversity patterns. Conservation areas should be selected taking into consideration the preservation of high species richness, while maximizing phylogenetic diversity to improve the potential for diversification in the future.

A bstract We continue the study of a novel relation between quantum periods and TBA(Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz)-like difference equations, generalize previous works to a large class of Calabi-Yau geometries described by three-term quantum operators. We give two methods to derive the TBA-like equations. One method uses only elementary functions while the other method uses Faddeev’s quantum dilogarithm function. The two approaches provide different realizations of TBA-like equations which are nevertheless related to the same quantum period.

Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function, is a growing public health concern. The ZJU index, a novel metabolic marker, integrates lipid metabolism and glucose regulation parameters. While its association with metabolic disorders has been established, its relationship with sarcopenia remains underexplored, especially in middle-aged adults. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 4,012 U.S. adults aged 20–59 years in the 2011–2018 NHANES dataset. The association between ZJU and sarcopenia was assessed using multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS) for smooth curve fitting, and subgroup analyses. To improve risk stratification and identify key predictors, machine learning techniques—including Random Forest, SHAP, and the Boruta algorithm—were applied. Each standard deviation increase in ZJU was associated with an 13% higher likelihood of sarcopenia [OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.08–1.17]. Individuals in the highest ZJU quartile faced a 12.6-fold greater likelihood than those in the lowest quartile [OR = 13.6, 95% CI 3.08–60.2]. Subgroup analysis showed notable interactions with gender and diabetes ( p  < 0.05). Machine learning models consistently ranked ZJU, education level, and race as the most influential predictors of sarcopenia, emphasizing the interplay between metabolic health and socioeconomic factors. Higher ZJU scores are linked to increased sarcopenia risk in adults aged 20–59 years, supporting its role as an early metabolic biomarker. Machine learning identified ZJU, education, and race as key predictors, underscoring the impact of socioeconomic factors.

A bstract Recently, we proposed a novel entry of the pp-wave holographic dictionary, which equated the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase (BMN) two-point functions in free N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory with the norm squares of the quantum unitary transition amplitudes between the corresponding tensionless strings in the infinite curvature limit, for the cases with no more than three string modes in different transverse directions. A seemingly highly non-trivial conjectural consequence, particularly in the case of three string modes, is the non-negativity of the BMN two-point functions at any higher genus for any mode numbers. In this paper, we further perform the detailed calculations of the BMN two-point functions with three string modes at genus two, and explicitly verify that they are always non-negative through mostly extensive numerical tests.

Ensuring network security in complex and dynamic environments has become a critical challenge due to the increasing proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and decentralized architectures such as Fog Computing. Traditional node identification methods primarily focus on either network centrality measures or security metrics in isolation, which limits their effectiveness in detecting security-critical nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel Security-Centric Node Identification method that integrates multiple centrality measures with security-related metrics and dynamic factors to compute a comprehensive Security Centrality (SC) for each node. Unlike conventional approaches, our method accounts for both structural importance and security vulnerabilities by incorporating degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centralities with real-time security risk assessments and dynamic network conditions. To achieve this, we develop a mathematical model to compute SC, introduce efficient algorithms for identifying critical nodes, and implement an incremental update mechanism to enhance adaptability in real-time networks. Our experimental evaluation on various network topologies, including random, scale-free, small-world, and real-world networks, demonstrates that the proposed method effectively identifies security-critical nodes with high detection accuracy while maintaining a low false-positive rate. The results show that incorporating dynamic factors significantly improves the robustness of node identification, making our method highly adaptable to real-world network security scenarios.

A bstract In the type IIB maximally supersymmetric pp-wave background, stringy excited modes are described by BMN (Berenstein-Madalcena-Nastase) operators in the dual N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory. In this paper, we continue the studies of higher genus free BMN correlators with more stringy modes, mostly focusing on the case of genus one and four stringy modes in different transverse directions. Surprisingly, we find that the non-negativity of torus two-point functions, which is a consequence of a previously proposed probability interpretation and has been verified in the cases with two and three stringy modes, is no longer true for the case of four or more stringy modes. Nevertheless, the factorization formula, which is also a proposed holographic dictionary relating the torus two-point function to a string diagram calculation, is still valid. We also check the correspondence of planar three-point functions with Green-Schwarz string vertex with many string modes. We discuss some issues in the case of multiple stringy modes in the same transverse direction. Our calculations provide some new perspectives on pp-wave holography.

With the rapid development of the cold chain logistics industry, its high energy consumption and low operational efficiency have become increasingly prominent, seriously restricting the sustainable development of the industry. This study focuses on this and proposes a real-time monitoring system for cold chain logistics based on the Internet of Things. It combines the long short-term memory network (LSTM) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to build an energy consumption management strategy. Through the distributed system architecture design, a variety of data transmission protocols are used to ensure real-time and stable data collection and transmission, and to achieve accurate monitoring of key environmental factors in the transportation and storage of cold chain logistics. The experiment was carried out in a simulated cold chain logistics scenario. The data set covers multiple types of sensor data and is compared with multiple baseline models. The results show that compared with the traditional cold chain logistics system, this system significantly improves energy efficiency, reduces energy consumption by about 20%, increases temperature and humidity control accuracy to 94% respectively, improves transportation efficiency, and shortens transportation time by 8.33%. At the same time, the combination of LSTM and PSO algorithms optimizes energy consumption prediction and equipment scheduling, and the equipment group collaborative optimization strategy enhances system stability. This study confirms that the real-time monitoring and energy consumption management strategy based on the Internet of Things can effectively improve the economic and environmental benefits of the cold chain logistics system.

We experimentally study the effects of a uniform electric field on the conformation of single DNA molecules. We demonstrate that a moderate electric field (∼200 V/cm) strongly compresses isolated DNA polymer coils into isotropic globules. Insight into the nature of these compressed states is gained by following the expansion of the molecules back to equilibrium after halting the electric field. We observe two distinct types of expansion modes: a continuous molecular expansion analogous to a compressed spring expanding, and a much slower expansion characterized by two long-lived metastable states. Fluorescence microscopy and stretching experiments reveal that the metastable states are the result of intramolecular self-entanglements induced by the electric field. These results have broad importance in DNA separations and single molecule genomics, polymer rheology, and DNA-based nanofabrication.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is a multimodal ion channel implicated in diverse physiopathological processes. Its important involvement in immune responses has been suggested such as in the macrophages’ phagocytosis process. However, the endogenous signaling cascades controlling the gating of TRPV2 remain to be understood. Here, we report that enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation remarkably alters the chemical and thermal sensitivities of TRPV2 endogenously expressed in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. We identify that the protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 mediates TRPV2 phosphorylation at the molecular sites Tyr(335), Tyr(471), and Tyr(525). JAK1 phosphorylation is required for maintaining TRPV2 activity and the phagocytic ability of macrophages. We further show that TRPV2 phosphorylation is dynamically balanced by protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1). PTPN1 inhibition increases TRPV2 phosphorylation, further reducing the activation temperature threshold. Our data thus unveil an intrinsic mechanism where the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation dynamic balance sets the basal chemical and thermal sensitivity of TRPV2. Targeting this pathway will aid therapeutic interventions in physiopathological contexts. All the cells in our body have a membrane that separates their interior from the outside environment. However, studded across this barrier are numerous ion channels which allow the cell to sense and react to changes in its surroundings. This includes the ion channel TRPV2, which opens in response to mechanical pressure, certain chemical signals, or rising temperature levels. Many types of cell express TRPV2, including cells in the nervous system, muscle, and the immune system. However, despite being extensively studied, it is still not clear how TRPV2 opens and closes upon encountering high temperatures. In particular, previous work suggested that TRPV2 only responds when a cell’s surroundings reach around 52°C, which is a much higher temperature than cells inside our body normally encounter, even during a fever. To help resolve this mystery, Mo, Pang et al. studied TRPV2 in neurons responsible for sending sensory information and in immune cells called macrophages which had been extracted from rodents and grown in the laboratory. They found that when the cells were bathed in solutions containing magnesium ions, their TRPV2 channels were more sensitive to a number of different cues, including temperature. Further biochemical experiments showed that magnesium ions do not directly affect TRPV2, but increase the activity of another protein called JAK1. The magnesium ions caused JAK1 to attach specialized structures called phosphorylation tags to TRPV2. This modification (known as phosphorylation) made the channel more sensitive, allowing it to open in response to temperatures as low as 40°C. Mo, Pang et al. found that inhibiting JAK1 reduced the activity of TRPV2. Conversely, inhibiting the enzyme that removes the phosphorylation tags, called PTPN1, increased the channel’s activity. They also discovered that when JAK1 was blocked, macrophages were less able to ‘eat up’ bacteria, which is one of their main roles in the immune system. Taken together these experiments advance our understanding of how TRPV2 becomes active. The balance between the phosphorylation by JAK1 and the dephosphorylation by PTPN1 controls the temperature at which TRPV2 opens. Since TRPV2 contributes to several biological functions, including the development of the nervous system, the maintenance of heart muscles, and inflammation, these findings will be important to scientists in a broad range of fields.