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Across the ages, Arabs and Muslims have made outstanding contributions to various fields of science and knowledge, with astronomy among the most prominent. They devoted themselves to studying the astronomical heritage of earlier civilizations by translating works from Greek, Persian, and Sanskrit, and then enriching them with their own research and discoveries. Over time, their writings became fundamental references in the field worldwide. Their role extended beyond theory: they invented instruments and devices that advanced the practice of celestial observation, produced detailed star charts, and determined planetary and stellar positions using sophisticated methodologies. This article highlights the leading Muslim astronomers and their contributions to astronomy, surveying their most celebrated figures and works, which had a profound impact on the advancement of the science and on human civilization as a whole.