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Pectin is the major component in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, maintaining the physical stability and mechanical strength of the cell wall. Pectate lyase (PL), a cell wall modification enzyme, has a major influence on the structure of pectin. However, little information and no comprehensive analysis is available on the PL gene family in peach ( Prunus persica L. Batsch). In this study, 20 PpePL genes were identified in peach. We characterized their physicochemical characteristics, sequence alignments, chromosomal locations, and gene structures. The PpePL family members were classified into five groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. Among those, PpePL1, 9, 10, 15, and 18 had the higher expression abundance in ripe fruit, and PpePL1, 15, and 18 were upregulated during storage. Detailed RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PpePL1 and PpePL15 were responsive to ETH treatment (1 g L −1 ethephon) with an abundant transcript accumulation, which suggested these genes were involved in peach ripening and softening. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to identify the roles of PpePL1 and PpePL15 . Compared to controls, the RNAi fruit maintained greater firmness in the early storage stage, increased acid-soluble pectin (ASP), and reduced water-soluble pectin (WSP). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that cell wall degradation was reduced in the fruit of RNAi-1 and RNAi-15, which indicated that softening of the RNAi fruit has been delayed. Our results indicated that PpePL1 and PpePL15 play an important role in peach softening by depolymerizing pectin and degrading cell wall.

This study proposes a coupled constitutive model that captures the anisotropic failure characteristics and damage evolution of nickel-based single-crystal (SX) superalloys under various temperature conditions. The model accounts for both creep rate and material damage evolution, enabling accurate prediction of the typical three-stage creep curves, macroscopic fracture morphologies, and microstructural features under uniaxial tensile creep for specimens with different crystallographic orientations. Creep behavior of SX superalloys was simulated under multiple orientations and various temperature-stress conditions using the proposed model. The resulting creep curves aligned well with experimental observations, thereby validating the model’s feasibility and accuracy. Furthermore, a finite element model of cylindrical specimens was established, and simulations of the macroscopic fracture morphology were performed using a user-defined material subroutine. By integrating the rafting theory governed by interfacial energy density, the model successfully predicts the rafting morphology of the microstructure at the fracture surface for different crystallographic orientations. The proposed model maintains low programming complexity and computational cost while effectively predicting the creep life and deformation behavior of anisotropic materials. The model accurately captures the three-stage creep deformation behavior of SX specimens and provides reliable predictions of stress fields and microstructural changes at critical cross-sections. The model demonstrates high accuracy in life prediction, with all predicted results falling within a ±1.5× error band and an average error of 14.6%.

Exogenous amino acid supplementation has become a nutritional strategy to improve the tolerance of whiteleg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) to a high proportion of vegetable protein diets. In the present study, the effects of glycine in high‐proportion fermented soybean meal (FSBM) feed for shrimp were verified. SBM fermented by Bacillus subtilis was used to replace 50%, 75%, and 100% of fish meal (FM), respectively. Concomitantly, 1% glycine was added to the diets containing FSBM. After an 8‐week feeding trial, FSBM substitution significantly inhibited the growth parameters of shrimp, including weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR). Glycine supplementation significantly alleviated the inhibition of growth performance induced by 50% FSBM substitution but not in the 75% and 100% FSBM substitution groups. Glycine significantly increased the level of glycine in the muscle. In addition, glycine supplementation improved the structure of hepatopancreas and increased the length of sarcomeres and myofiber density in muscle tissue. RT‐qPCR results revealed that glycine inhibited the mRNA expression of smyhc1 and smyhc2 . Further investigation revealed that glycine enhanced the antioxidant capacity in muscle tissue and inhibited the mRNA expression of immune genes, including traf6 , toll , and lgbp , caused by FSBM substitution. In summary, the results indicated that appropriate glycine supplementation could ensure that 50% FSBM substitution of FM did not affect the growth performance of shrimp. Moreover, glycine may improve the structure of muscle tissue by enhancing antioxidant capacity and immunity. This study further emphasized the crucial role of glycine in the development of low FM feed for shrimp.

IntroductionScreening excellent bacterial strains for fermentation is the key to improving the nutritional value and bioavailability of soybean meal (SBM). This study investigated the application of Bacillus subtilis-fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the feed of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).MethodsFSBM was used to replace 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% fish meal, and the feeding trial was lasted for 8 weeks (initial weight: 0.9 g). Results and discussionThe amino acid profile in the whole shrimp body was tested. FSBM substitution only significantly reduced the content lysine in whole shrimp body, but increased the content of arginine. Fatty acid data showed that the content of n-6 PUFAs in whole shrimp was significantly increased by FSBM substitution. In muscle, FSBM substitution significantly reduced the content of MUFAs, but increased the content of PUFAs including C18:3n-3, C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6. No hepatopancreas structure modifications appeared in the 25% group compared with the control group. Subsequently, we investigated the response patterns of different organs to FSBM substitution from antioxidant, endoplasmic reticulum stress and immunity. A high proportion of FSBM significantly reduced the content of GSH in hemolymph and hepatopancreas, while increased the mRNA expression of cat. FSBM substitution did not affect the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the intestine. However, the mRNA expression level of hsp70 in the intestine was significantly reduced by FSBM. In terms of immunity, the mRNA expression levels of lgbp and penaeidin in the hepatopancreas showed a significant linear increase trend. In muscle, high proportion of FSBM significantly increased the mRNA expression of imd. FSBM substitution did not significantly affect the expression of immune genes in the intestine. In terms of endoplasmic reticulum stress, FSBM substitution significantly increased the mRNA expression of eif2α in the hepatopancreas. In muscle, FSBM substitution inhibited the mRNA expression of bip. In the intestine, FSBM replacing 75% of fish meal significantly increased the mRNA expression of bip and ire1. In summary, this study indicated that when the fish meal content account for 40% in diets (dry weight), the screened Bacillus subtilis-FSBM can replace 25% of fish meal protein without reducing the antioxidant and immune abilities of shrimp.

Sugars are crucial in determining fruit quality and significantly affect the commercial value. Sucrose is the primary soluble sugar in ripe peach fruit. However, the regulatory mechanism of sucrose synthesis in peach fruit, especially during natural ripening, remains largely unexplored. This study identified two structural genes of peach (Prunus persica, ‘Jinlinghuanglu’), PpSUS1 and PpSPS2, whose expression was strongly correlated with sucrose accumulation. The transcription factors that regulated the expression of these two genes during peach fruit ripening were screened; and three NACs (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2), whose expression also significantly correlated with sucrose accumulation, were identified. Notably, PpNAP4 (NAC-like, activated by APETALA3/PISTILLATA) displayed the highest activation activity toward the PpSUS1 and PpSPS2 promoters. The direct binding activity was confirmed using luciferase imaging and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The sucrose content and expression of sucrose synthesis-related genes significantly increased when PpNAP4 was overexpressed in peach fruit and the tomato nor mutant. Moreover, PpNAP4 functioned synergistically with PpNAP6 to modulate sucrose synthesis, and PpNAP4 targeted its own promoter and feedback-activated its own expression. This research unveils a novel regulatory mechanism controlling sucrose accumulation in peach fruit.

The firmness of the flesh fruit is a very important feature in the eating process. Peach fruit is very hard during development, but its firmness slightly decreases in the later stages of development. While there has been extensive research on changes in cell wall polysaccharides during fruit ripening, little is known about the changes that occur during growth and development. In this study, we investigated the modifications in cell wall components throughout the development and ripening of peach fruit, as well as its impact on firmness. Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between fruit firmness and cellulose content at development stage. However, the correlation was lost during the softening process, suggesting that cellulose might be responsible for the fruit firmness during development. Members of the chitinase-like protein (CTL) group are of interest because of their possible role in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Here, two CTL homologous genes, PpCTL1 and PpCTL2, were identified in peach. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of PpCTLs revealed that PpCTL1 exhibited high expression abundance in the fruit and followed a similar trend to cellulose during fruit growth. Furthermore, silencing PpCTL1 expression resulted in reduced cellulose content at 5 DAI (days after injection), this change that would have a negative effect on fruit firmness. Our results indicate that PpCTL1 plays an important role in cellulose biosynthesis and the maintenance of peach firmness during development.

Corrigendum on: In the hepatopancreas, FSBM substitution had no significant effects on the activity of T-AOC and the content of MDA (Figures 2I,K). On the contrary, the activity of SOD and the content of GSH decreased gradually as the proportion of FSBM substitution increased with a significant linear pattern (Figures 2H,J,Table 8). However, compared with the control group, only group 100F significantly inhibited the activity of SOD (Figure 2H). The contents of GSH in group 75F and 100F were significantly lower than that in the control group (Figure 2J). In the muscle, the content of MDA and the activity of T-AOC were not affected by FSBM substitution (Figures 2M,O). The trend of SOD activity in the muscle under FSBM substitution was similar with that in the hepatopancreas and only 100F significantly decreased the activity of SOD (Figure 2L). The content of GSH showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with both linear and quadratic patterns (Figure 2N, Table 8). In the intestine, FSBM substitution had no significant effects on the contents of GSH and MDA and the activity of T-AOC (Figures 2Q-S). With the increasing of FSBM substitution ratio, the activity of SOD showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with a significant linear pattern (Figure 2P, Table 8).In the published article, there was an error in [Figure 2

Cardiovascular disease is a major threat to human health worldwide, and vascular transplantation surgery is a treatment method for this disease. Often, autologous blood vessels cannot meet the needs of surgery. However, allogeneic blood vessels have limited availability or may cause rejection reactions. Therefore, the development of biocompatible artificial blood vessels is needed to solve the problem of donor shortage. Tubular fabrics prepared by textile structures have flexible compliance, which cannot be matched by other structural blood vessels. Therefore, biomedical artificial blood vessels have been widely studied in recent decades up to the present. This article focuses on reviewing four textile methods used, at present, in the manufacture of artificial blood vessels: knitting, weaving, braiding, and electrospinning. The article mainly introduces the particular effects of different structural characteristics possessed by various textile methods on the production of artificial blood vessels, such as compliance, mechanical properties, and pore size. It was concluded that woven blood vessels possess superior mechanical properties and dimensional stability, while the knitted fabrication method facilitates excellent compliance, elasticity, and porosity of blood vessels. Additionally, the study prominently showcases the ease of rebound and compression of braided tubes, as well as the significant biological benefits of electrospinning. Moreover, moderate porosity and good mechanical strength can be achieved by changing the original structural parameters; increasing the floating warp, enlarging the braiding angle, and reducing the fiber fineness and diameter can achieve greater compliance. Furthermore, physical, chemical, or biological methods can be used to further improve the biocompatibility, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and endothelialization of blood vessels, thereby improving their functionality. The aim is to provide some guidance for the further development of artificial blood vessels.

Starch degradation, a crucial source for soluble sugar, significantly influences fruit flavor development during ripening. Key enzymes in this process include α-amylases (AMYs) and β-amylases (BAMs). In this study, we identified 5 PpAMYs and 9 PpBAMs in peach and categorized them into three and four groups, respectively, based on the gene structures and the phylogenetic analysis. Subsequent expression analysis revealed that elevated levels of PpAMY1 , PpAMY5 , and PpBAM2 were detected in the middle and late stages of fruit development, suggesting their positive involvement in starch degradation during peach fruit ripening. Transient overexpression experiments conducted in peach fruits and callus further demonstrated that overexpression of PpBAM2 significantly reduced starch content, indicating its important role in starch degradation during peach fruit ripening. Furthermore, we identified a R2R3-MYB transcription factor, PpMYB10.1, which activated the expression of PpBAM2 through the direct interacting with its promoter. In addition, transient overexpression of PpMYB10.1 could significantly reduce starch content in peach callus. Consequently, our findings highlight the positive role of PpBAM2 in peach starch degradation, with PpMYB10.1 serving as an activator during this process.

Coloration in apple (Malus×domestica) flesh is mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is biosynthesized through the flavonoid pathway and regulated by MYB, bHLH, and WD40 transcription factors (TFs). Here, we report that the HD-Zip I TF MdHB1 was also involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. MdHB1 silencing caused the accumulation of anthocyanin in ‘Granny Smith’ flesh, whereas its overexpression reduced the flesh content of anthocyanin in ‘Ballerina’ (red-fleshed apple). Moreover, flowers of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ‘NC89’) overexpressing MdHB1 showed a remarkable reduction in pigmentation. Transient promoter activation assays and yeast one-hybrid results indicated that MdHB1 indirectly inhibited expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (UFGT). Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation determined that MdHB1 acted as a homodimer and could interact with MYB, bHLH, and WD40 in the cytoplasm, consistent with its cytoplasmic localization by green fluorescent protein fluorescence observations. Together, these results suggest that MdHB1 constrains MdMYB10, MdbHLH3, and MdTTG1 to the cytoplasm, and then represses the transcription of MdDFR and MdUFGT indirectly. When MdHB1 is silenced, these TFs are released to activate the expression of MdDFR and MdUFGT and also anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in red flesh in ‘Granny Smith’.