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The North China Craton (NCC) has been thinned from >200 km to <100 km in its eastern part. The ancient subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has been replaced by the juvenile SCLM in the Meoszoic. During this period, the NCC was destructed as indicated by extensive magmatism in the Early Cretaceous. While there is a consensus on the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China, it has been hotly debated about the mechanism of cartonic destruction. This study attempts to provide a resolution to current debates in the view of Mesozoic mafic magmatism in North China. We made a compilation of geochemical data available for Mesozoic mafic igneous rocks in the NCC. The results indicate that these mafic igneous rocks can be categorized into two series, manifesting a dramatic change in the nature of mantle sources at ~121 Ma. Mafic igneous rocks emplaced at this age start to show both oceanic island basalts (OIB)-like trace element distribution patterns and depleted to weakly enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. In contrast, mafic igneous rocks emplaced before and after this age exhibit both island arc basalts (IAB)-like trace element distribution patterns and enriched Sr-Nd isotope compositions. This difference indicates a geochemical mutation in the SCLM of North China at ~121 Ma. Although mafic magmatism also took place in the Late Triassic, it was related to exhumation of the deeply subducted South China continental crust because the subduction of Paleo-Pacific slab was not operated at that time. Paleo-Pacific slab started to subduct beneath the eastern margin of Eruasian continent since the Jurrasic. The subducting slab and its overlying SCLM wedge were coupled in the Jurassic, and slab dehydration resulted in hydration and weakening of the cratonic mantle. The mantle sources of ancient IAB-like mafic igneous rocks are a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the cratonic mantle wedge peridotite not only with aqueous solutions derived from dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust in the Jurassic but also with hydrous melts derived from partial melting of the subducting South China continental crust in the Triassic. On the other hand, the mantle sources of juvenile OIB-like mafic igneous rocks are also a kind of ultramafic metasomatites that were generated by reaction of the asthenospheric mantle underneath the North China lithosphere with hydrous felsic melts derived from partial melting of the subducting Paleo-Pacific oceanic crust. The subducting Paleo-Pacific slab became rollback at ~144 Ma. Afterwards the SCLM base was heated by laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, leading to thinning of the hydrated and weakened cratonic mantle. There was extensive bimodal magmatism at 130 to 120 Ma, marking intensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. Not only the ultramafic metasomatites in the lower part of the cratonic mantle wedge underwent partial melting to produce mafic igneous rocks showing negative ε Nd ( t ) values, depletion in Nb and Ta but enrichment in Pb, but also the lower continent crust overlying the cratonic mantle wedge was heated for extensive felsic magmatism. At the same time, the rollback slab surface was heated by the laterally filled asthenospheric mantle, resulting in partial melting of the previously dehydrated rocks beyond rutile stability on the slab surface. This produce still hydrous felsic melts, which metasomatized the overlying asthenospheric mantle peridotite to generate the ultramafic metasomatites that show positive ε Nd ( t ) values, no depletion or even enrichment in Nb and Ta but depletion in Pb. Partial melting of such metasomatites started at ~121 Ma, giving rise to the mafic igneous rocks with juvenile OIB-like geochemical signatures. In this context, the age of ~121 Ma may terminate replacement of the ancient SCLM by the juvenile SCLM in North China. Paleo-Pacific slab was not subducted to the mantle transition zone in the Mesozoic as revealed by modern seismic tomography, and it was subducted at a low angle since the Jurassic, like the subduction of Nazca Plate beneath American continent. This flat subduction would not only chemically metasomatize the cratonic mantle but also physically erode the cratonic mantle. Therefore, the interaction between Paleo-Pacific slab and the cratonic mantle is the first-order geodynamic mechanism for the thinning and destruction of cratonic lithosphere in North China.

Crustal subduction and continental collision is the core of plate tectonics theory. Understanding the formation and evolution of continental collision orogens is a key to develop the theory of plate tectonics. Different types of subduction zones have been categorized based on the nature of subducted crust. Two types of collisional orogens, i.e. arc-continent and continent-continent collisional orogens, have been recognized based on the nature of collisional blocks and the composition of derivative rocks. Arc-continent collisional orogens contain both ancient and juvenile crustal rocks, and reworking of those rocks at the post-collisional stage generates magmatic rocks with different geochemical compositions. If an orogen is built by collision between two relatively old continental blocks, post-collisional magmatic rocks are only derived from reworking of the old crustal rocks. Collisional orogens undergo reactivation and reworking at action of lithosphere extension, with inheritance not only in the tectonic regime but also in the geochemical compositions of reworked products （i.e., magmatic rocks）. In order to unravel basic principles for the evolution of continental tectonics at the post-collisional stages, it is necessary to investigate the reworking of orogenic belts in the post-collisional regime, to recognize physicochemical differences in deep continental colli- sion zones, and to understand petrogenetic links between the nature of subducted crust and post-collisional magmatic rocks. Afterwards we are in a position to build the systematics of continental tectonics and thus to develop the plate tectonics theory.

Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust, and the ig- neous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction. This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong＇an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block. The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone, which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions. The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns （i.e. enrichment of LILE, LREE and Pb, but depletion of HFSE） and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions, whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns （i.e. enrichment of LILE and LREE, but no depletion of HFSE） and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions. Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions, which are differ- ent from those of the normal mantle zircon, and contain residual crustal zircons. These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources. The mantle source for the se- cond type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust, whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continen- tal crust of the South China Block. Therefore, there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone, and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.

Macrophages have been reported to exert a crucial role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore the macrophage-related genes and establish a macrophage-related signature (MRS) model to predict the overall survival (OS) of patients with HCC based on these genes’ expression. We screened the macrophage-related gene module by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was utilized for further selection, and the selected genes were entered into stepwise regression to develop the MRS model, which was further validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) datasets. We analyzed the biological phenotypes associated with macrophages in terms of functional enrichment, tumor immune signature, and tumor mutational signature. The patient’s response to immunotherapy was inferred by the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score, the immunophenotype score (IPS), and the IMvigor210 dataset. A novel MRS model was established based on the LASSO regression coefficients of the genes PON1 , IL15RA , NEIL3 , HILPDA , PFN2 , HAVCR1 , ANXA10 , CDCA8 , EPO , S100A9 , TTK , KLRB1 , SPP1 , STC2 , CYP26B1 , GPC1 , G6PD , and CBX2 . In either dataset, MRS was identified as an independent risk factor for OS in HCC patients. Additionally, our research indicated that a high-risk score in the MRS model was significantly correlated with tumor staging, pathological grade, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage, and survival. Several genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family and immune checkpoints were highly expressed in the high-risk group. In addition, the frequency of tumor mutations was also higher in the high-risk group. According to our analyses, a higher risk score in the MRS model may predict a better response to immunotherapy.

Cancer remains a major health challenge, with the effectiveness of chemotherapy often limited by its lack of specificity and systemic toxicity. Nanotechnology, particularly in targeted drug delivery, has emerged as a key innovation to address these limitations. This study introduces lipoic acid-boronophenylalanine (LA-BPA) derivatives that incorporate short-chain polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a spacer. These derivatives distinctively self-assemble into vesicles under specific pH conditions, exhibiting a pH-dependent reversible assembly characteristic. Notably, these vesicles target cancer cells by binding to sialic acid via phenylboronic acid groups, subsequently depleting cellular glutathione and elevating reactive oxygen species, thereby inducing apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy. The vesicles demonstrate high efficiency in encapsulating doxorubicin, featuring a glutathione-responsive release mechanism, which present a promising option for tumor therapy. Additionally, the derivatives of the B-10 isotope, containing up to 1.6% boron, are engineered for incorporation into L P B-3 -based vesicles. This design facilitates their application in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) alongside chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Our findings highlight the potential of LA-BPA derivatives in developing more precise, effective, and less detrimental chemoradiotherapy approaches, marking an advancement in nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Nanocarriers are promising in tumour-targeting drug delivery but limited by their delivery efficiency within tumour microenvironment (TME). Here the authors report the development of lipoic acid boronophenylalanine derivatives linked by short-chain PEG spacers which can self-assemble into versatile vesicles under TME-specific pH for targeted cancer therapy.

In order to better understand the role of post-collisional mafic magmatism at convergent plate boundaries in revealing the earth’s evolution, this paper has systematically summarized the research history of post-collisional mafic magmatism, different types of collision and their influence on the nature of orogenic mantle, the concept and implication of post-collisional magmatism, and the relationship between post-collisional mafic magmatism and orogenic mantle evolution and mineralization. Post-collisional mafic igneous rocks are not only the direct records for studying the nature and evolution of orogenic mantle, but also the important carriers for regional mineralization. However, the type and quantity of the crustal materials involved in modifying the overlying lithospheric mantle during collisional orogeny, the process and mechanism of such modification, and the major control factors and mechanism of mafic magmatism-related mineralization during the post-collisional period are the main contents and direction of future researches in this field. Therefore, the study of post-collisional mafic magmatism is of significant implications for developing the theory of plate tectonics.

We present a 1024 × 512, 1000 fps, high-dynamic-range global shutter CMOS image sensor. The pixel is based on a voltage domain global shutter architecture, featuring a pitch of 24 μm × 24 μm. Both high-gain and low-gain signals can be captured within a single frame. The combined dynamic range is 95 dB, and the full well capacity is 620 ke-. In this paper, we analyze the pixel noise performance as well as the non-linearity and image lag that arise from parasitic capacitance in the pixel. The ramp generator is based on a 12-bit full thermometer code current-steering DAC with high driving capability. We discuss the design considerations for the ramp generator, particularly addressing the phenomenon of non-linear response. Finally, the comparator design and the column readout noise are analyzed.

The treatment of colorectal cancer is always a major challenge in the field of cancer research. The number of estimated new cases of colorectal cancer worldwide in 2020 is 1 148 515, and the estimated number of deaths is 576 858, revealing that mortality accounted for approximately half of the disease incidence. The development of new drugs and strategies for colorectal cancer treatment is urgently needed. Thermosensitive injectable hydrogel PDLLA‐PEG‐PDLLA (PLEL) loaded with cabazitaxel (CTX) is used to explore its anti‐tumor effect on mice with orthotopic colorectal cancer. CTX/PLEL is characterized by a solution state at room temperature and a hydrogel state at physiologic temperature. The excipients MPEG‐PCL and PDLLA‐PEG‐PDLLA have good biocompatibility and biodegradability. The simple material synthesis and preparation process renders this system cost‐effective and more conducive to clinical transformation. An orthotopic colorectal cancer model is established by transplantation subcutaneous tumors onto the cecum of mice. According to the results of experiments in vivo, CTX/PLEL significantly inhibits orthotopic colorectal cancer and liver metastasis in mice. The results indicate that CTX/PLEL nanoparticle preparations have high security and excellent anti‐tumor effects, and have great application potential in colorectal cancer therapy. This work uses temperature‐responsive injectable hydrogel PLEL loaded with cabazitaxel (CTX) to explore its therapeutic effect on mice with orthotopic colorectal cancer. CTX/PLEL presents a solution state at room temperature and a hydrogel state at physiological temperature. In orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer, CTX/PLEL significantly inhibits colorectal cancer and liver metastasis.

Atherosclerosis is a significant contributor to global cardiovascular disease. Reducing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque effectively can lead to a decrease in cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, controlling macrophage function is crucial. This study presents the creation of a bifunctional nanoparticle that is specific to macrophages to achieve intracellular and extracellular synergistic therapy for restoring macrophage functions. The nanoparticle is conjugated with anti-CD47 antibody to modulate extracellular CD47-SIRPα phagocytic signaling axis on the outer surface of macrophages and encapsulates the NLRP3 inhibitor (CY-09) to regulate intracellular inflammation response of macrophages. The results showed that the nanoparticles accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaque, alter macrophage phagocytosis, inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and decrease the plaque burden in Apoe−/− mice whilst ensuring safety. Examination of single-cell RNA sequencing indicates that this multifunctional nanoparticle decreases the expression of genes linked to inflammation and manages inflammatory pathways in the plaque lesion. This study proposes a synergistic therapeutic approach that utilizes a bifunctional nanoparticle, conjugated with anti-CD47, to regulate the microenvironment of plaques. [Display omitted] •Macrophages play an essential role in development of atherosclerotic plaque.•Anti-CD47 antibody to modulate extracellular CD47-SIRPα phagocytic signaling axis on the outer surface of macrophages.•NLRP3 inhibitor (CY-09) can regulate intracellular inflammation response of macrophages.•This nanoparticle has the potential to restore macrophage function through intracellular and extracellular synergistic therapy.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, characterised by a short survival period, high malignancy, strong invasiveness, and high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Due to its unique molecular phenotype, TNBC is insensitive to endocrine therapy or molecular targeted therapy. The conventional treatment approach involves systemic chemotherapy for overall management; however, adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery has shown poor efficacy as residual lesions can easily lead to tumour recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find more effective treatment strategies. Herein, we designed a gold nanocluster coated with a metal-phenol formaldehyde network structure (AuNCs@PDA-Mn) for tumour Photothermal therapy and chemodynamic therapy (PTT and CDT), which induces systemic immune responses to suppress tumour metastasis. Experimental results show that after continuous irradiation for 10 min under an 808 nm laser (1.0W/cm2), AuNCs@PDA-Mn not only exhibits better tumour inhibition both in vitro and in vivo but also triggers stronger immune effects systemically. Therefore, this combined PTT and CDT treatment approach has great potential and provides a clinically relevant and valuable option for triple-negative breast cancer. Schematic illustration of the preparation of AuNCs@PDA-Mn for PTT and CDT of tumours and activating immunogenic effect systematically. [Display omitted] •AuNCs@PDA-Mn can be synthesised under mild conditions.•AuNCs@PDA-Mn exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiencies.•ANCs @ PDA-Mn can effectively inhibit tumour growth via PTT and CDT.•AuNCs@PDA-Mn can effectively suppress distant tumour growth and lung metastasis through ICD effect.