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Hypertrophic ‘giant’ handaxes are a rare component of Acheulean assemblages, yet have been central to debates relating to the social, cognitive and cultural ‘meaning’ of these enigmatic tools. The authors examine giant handaxes from the perspective of the British record and suggest that they are chronologically patterned, with the great majority originating from contexts broadly associated with Marine Isotope Stage 9. Giant handaxes tend to have higher symmetry than non-giants, and extravagant forms, such as ficrons, are better represented; they may therefore be linked to incipient aesthetic sensibilities and, potentially, to changing cognition at the transition between the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic.

Hypertrophic 'giant' handaxes are a rare component of Acheulean assemblages, yet have been central to debates relating to the social, cognitive and cultural 'meaning' of these enigmatic tools. The authors examine giant handaxes from the perspective of the British record and suggest that they are chronologically patterned, with the great majority originating from contexts broadly associated with Marine Isotope Stage 9. Giant handaxes tend to have higher symmetry than non-giants, and extravagant forms, such as ficrons, are better represented; they may therefore be linked to incipient aesthetic sensibilities and, potentially, to changing cognition at the transition between the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic.

Only a handful of 'flagship' sites from the Purfleet Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 9, c. 350-290,000 years ago) have been properly examined, but the archaeological succession at the proposed type-site at Purfleet suggests a period of complexity and transition, with three techno-cultural groups represented in Britain. The first was a simple toolkit lacking handaxes (the Clactonian), and the last a more sophisticated technology presaging the coming Middle Palaeolithic (simple prepared core or proto-Levallois technology). Sandwiched between were Acheulean groups, whose handaxes comprise the great majority of the extant archaeological record of the period - these are the focus of this study. It has previously been suggested that some features of the Acheulean in the Purfleet Interglacial were chronologically restricted, particularly the co-occurrence of ficrons and cleavers. These distinctive forms may have exceeded pure functionality and were perhaps imbued with a deeper social and cultural meaning. This study supports both the previously suggested preference for narrow, pointed morphologies, and the chronologically restricted pairing of ficrons and cleavers. By drawing on a wide spatial and temporal range of sites these patterns could be identified beyond the handful of 'flagship' sites previously studied. Hypertrophic 'giants' have now also been identified as a chronologically restricted form. Greater metrical variability was found than had been anticipated, leading to the creation of two new sub-groups (IA and IB) which are tentatively suggested to represent spatial and perhaps temporal patterning. The picture in the far west of Britain remains unclear, but the possibility of different Acheulean groups operating in the Solent area, and a late survival of the Acheulean, are both suggested. Handaxes with backing and macroscopic asymmetry may represent prehensile or ergonomic considerations not commonly found on handaxes from earlier interglacial periods. It is argued that these forms anticipate similar developments in the Late Middle Palaeolithic in an example of convergent evolution.

In the middle of the previous century, as war and political upheaval left much of the global population with precarious access to food, the so-called Green Revolution saw a seismic shift in the world's farmland. With the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties, chemical fertilisers and improved farm machinery, it sowed the seeds for today's agriculture, and was credited with saving a billion people from starvation.

Multiple reference frame theory allows for periodically time varying signals to be represented as a set of dc signals. In other words, every periodic signal can be expanded into a Fourier series representation. By modeling an inverter connected to a boost maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in this manner, frequency transfer properties can be preserved and harmonics throughout the system can be predicted. A state space model taking into account the dc and fundamental grid frequency is presented and used to optimize the controller gains of the system. Using information from the dq-axis values of the measured grid current and voltage, the double frequency dc-link voltage component is predicted. The double frequency component is removed from the controller input using feedforward. As a result, there is a reduction in output harmonics in the grid current. The same method is applied to the MPPT, where the double frequency component is predicted and removed from the controller input. This allows for a MPPT with reduced oscillations in the input power waveform. Next, a method is presented to generate a large-signal model of a H-bridge inverter. A set of algorithms are presented, which take a standard set of large-signal (user generated) dynamic equations and performs a Fourier series expansion on the inputs and states of the equations. These algorithms work for an arbitrary finite set of harmonics and preserve the frequency transfer properties between harmonics. The solution to the generated equations is the steady state output of the inverter. Lastly, a set of algorithms are presented which take a user generated netlist in and automatically outputs a truncated harmonic transfer function (THTF).

With savings of £33,200 already being made, Mr Fraser is confident the business will make a profit regardless of policy changes. * THE NUMBERS 1.1 Current stocking -ates in LU/ha 2.4 Stocking rates next year(LU/ha) 120-310 3ange in height of 'armland in metres £25,000 Saving in bedding and feed during winter £8,200 Saving in fertiliser (applied at 56kg N/ha) KNOW HOW Read more expert advice on grassland management in our Know How centre. Subscribers get unlimited access (call 0330 333 9694 for help logging in), www. fwi.co.uk/knowhow/grasslandmanagement HOW SOUTH HADDON FARM COULD BENEFIT FROM THE AG BILL * Deep rooting and soil carbonbuilding qualities of the grazing system are likely to be rewarded under the bill's proposals to pay farmers for measures taken to mitigate climate change and protect water. * Diverse sward heights and pollenand nectar-rich pastures could receive payments for enhancing the environment. * Rotational grazing can benefit wildlife by ensuring a variety of sward. [...]freshly grazed paddocks provide dung beetles for bats and other wi dlife, while longer swards rich with flowering plants offer pof én and nectar for an abundance of insects through the summer months and bird seed through winter. * The restoration of farm oedgerows offers wildlife food, nesting and shelter.

Discusses family intervention, which America's most successful drug addiction treatment; it involves addicts' families withdrawing all support and pressing them to go into rehab. \"Intervention\" is a US TV show which features this approach, and Ken Seeley is one of the interventionists on the show; he is also a key figure in educating counsellors in intervention in the UK, where there has been some resistance to the technique.

The goal is to restore those processes to allow natural features to minimise flood risk not only for farmers and local villages, but for the big towns that lie in the flood plains as well.\"

FULL POTENTIAL Such a radical reconsideration of agricultural markets does not happen by itself. jenny Phelps, a FWAG South West officer who led the Defra pilot partnership in the Cotswold Catchment, points out that, unless farmers are given support, and the ecosystems market is joined up with the right government policies, the scheme might never reach its full potential.