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The world’s top two producers of sugarcane are India and Brazil. After China, India is the second-largest manufacturer of alcoholic beverages. The distillery industry in India produces a huge amount of wastewater that is often released untreated into water bodies. Different distilleries have common pollutants that are being discharged into water bodies including wastewater, chemicals and solvents, cooling water, and agricultural runoff. Water pollution due to distilleries is causing a significant impact on the water’s quality, making it unsafe for human consumption, aquatic life, and other uses and damaging the soil due to inadequately treated and indiscriminately disposed effluents. Heavy metals and organic contaminants have a major influence on the contamination of water bodies. The various adsorbents and their efficiency in distillery wastewater treatment are examined in this comprehensive review. The adsorbents like sugarcane bagasse, zeolites, chitosan, activated carbon, fly ash, and clay minerals are studied for the effective and economical treatment of distillery wastewater by researchers and are reviewed in this paper. The review of the relevant literature shows that the maximum removal efficiencies of organic matter and heavy metals vary between 44 and 99.8% with optimal pH from 2 to 7 and contact time varying from 1 to 24 h. A bibliometric study is also mentioned in this paper to justify the need for the study of distillery wastewater using adsorbents. Sustainable and economic criteria are studied through the life cycle assessment of different adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater. Overall, 78 research papers are reviewed in this paper. It has been shown that naturally occurring adsorbents and adsorbents made from agricultural waste may effectively treat distillery effluent in place of commercial activated carbons. However, it has been determined that there are still some open questions about the optimization and commercialization of suitable adsorbents, as well as the application, regeneration, reuse, and safe disposal of loaded adsorbents. Finally, the potential directions of the contamination biosorption study are presented.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by the presence of t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation leading to fusion between PML and RARa gene. Treatment combining all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) has dramatically improved the prognosis of APL. We report a rare finding of primary clone of t(15;17) followed by a sequential clonal evolution of additional derivative chromosome 6 formation by a two hit mechanism. Our case showed a good clinical response with a four years and nine months event free survival after ATRA and ATO combination therapy in spite of existence of three chromosomal abnormalities stating that targeted therapy overcomes the adverse effects of additional genetic markers. However, close monitoring with assessment for long term prognostic behavior is required.

Double reciprocal translocations and triple-balanced reciprocal translocations multiple chromosome rearrangements are very rare events in the phenotypically normal individuals. Chromosome analysis with 500-band resolution was performed and analyzed in an infertile woman. Her karyotype revealed 46,XX, t(1;3) (q44;p11), t(2;14) (q11.2;q13), t(9;11) (p22;p15) pattern in all the metaphases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of triple-balanced reciprocal translocations in an infertile woman.

BACKGROUND: Balanced non-robertsonian translocation (RT), involving acrocentric chromosomes, is a rare event and only a few cases are reported. Most of the RTs are balanced involving acrocentric chromosomes with the breakpoints (q10;q10). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromosome analysis was performed as per standard procedure - Giemsa-trypsin banding with 500 band resolution was analyzed for chromosome identification. RESULTS: In the present study, we report a rare balanced non-RTs involving chromosomes 13 and 15 with cytogenetic finding of 46, XX, t(13;15) (p11.2;q22.1). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report of an unusual non-RT of t(13:15) with (p11.2;q22.1) break points.

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with regard to morphology, immunophenotype, and genetic rearrangements. Multiple recurrent chromosomal aberrations have been identified by conventional cytogenetic analysis, which is now widely recognized as one of the most important diagnostic and prognostic determinants in AML. Method: Conventional cytogenetic analysis was done on 200 de novo AML subjects. Results: Of these, 176 (88%) were successfully karyotyped and 24 (12%) showed culture failure. Among the176 subjects, 101 (57.4%) were abnormal and 75 (42.6%) showed an apparently normal karyotype. The various aberrations observed were t(8;21)(q22;q22) (5.2%); t(15;17) (q22;q11-21) (9%); t(9;22)(q34;q11)(1.7%); t(14;17)(q32;q11.2)(0.5%); inv(16)(p13;q22)(1.7%); 11q23 rearrangements (4%); monosomy 7 (2.2%) and 22 (1.1%); deletion of 9q (q22q34) (5.1%), 5q (q13q33) (0.5%) and 13q (q13q31) (0.5%); common trisomies like +8 (5.6%), +16 (1.7%), +22 (1.1%), +21 (0.5%), +13 (0.5%), +11 (0.5%), +3 (0.5%); hyperdiploidy (3.4%); hypodiploidy (1.1%); complex karyotype (4%); and other structural abnormalities (4.5%). Apart from these, three novel chromosomal abnormalities viz. t(8;18), t(7;14), t(13;15) were observed in the current study population. Conclusion: This study confirms that the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities varies considerably. Comparatively, the incidence t(15;17), and del9q is higher, while that of −5/del5q, −7/del7q and inv (16) were lower in our population. Similarly, the frequency of other recurrent FAB associated abnormalities viz. 11qabn was comparable to previous reports. Furthermore, ongoing cytogenetic studies are warranted in larger groups of AML cases to identify newly acquired chromosomal aberrations that may aid in cloning novel genes involved in the neoplastic process, ultimately helping in the development of targeted therapeutic drugs.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome created by the reciprocal translocation t(9;22) (q34;q11), resulting in the chimeric BCR-ABL oncogene. Variant Ph' chromosome translocations involving additional chromosomes are seen in 5-10% of CML cases. In the present study, a novel case of Ph' chromosome-positive CML is reported, with a three-way translocation involving chromosomal regions, 9q34, 22q11.2 and 17p11.2, with additional secondary changes. The three-way translocation has resulted in a deletion of the TP53 gene located on the chromosome 17p13.1 locus. Deletion of the TP53 gene may be a major contributing factor in the development of resistance to imatinib and blast crisis.

Balanced non-robertsonian translocation (RT), involving acrocentric chromosomes, is a rare event and only a few cases are reported. Most of the RTs are balanced involving acrocentric chromosomes with the breakpoints (q10;q10). Chromosome analysis was performed as per standard procedure - Giemsa-trypsin banding with 500 band resolution was analyzed for chromosome identification. In the present study, we report a rare balanced non-RTs involving chromosomes 13 and 15 with cytogenetic finding of 46, XX, t(13;15) (p11.2;q22.1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report of an unusual non-RT of t(13:15) with (p11.2;q22.1) break points.

BACKGROUNDBalanced non-robertsonian translocation (RT), involving acrocentric chromosomes, is a rare event and only a few cases are reported. Most of the RTs are balanced involving acrocentric chromosomes with the breakpoints (q10;q10).MATERIALS AND METHODSChromosome analysis was performed as per standard procedure - Giemsa-trypsin banding with 500 band resolution was analyzed for chromosome identification.RESULTSIn the present study, we report a rare balanced non-RTs involving chromosomes 13 and 15 with cytogenetic finding of 46, XX, t(13;15) (p11.2;q22.1).CONCLUSIONTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first such report of an unusual non-RT of t(13:15) with (p11.2;q22.1) break points.