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Patterns in the spatial distribution of organisms provide important information about mechanisms that regulate the diversity of life and the complexity of ecosystems 1 , 2 . Although microorganisms may comprise much of the Earth's biodiversity 3 , 4 and have critical roles in biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning 5 , 6 , 7 , little is known about their spatial diversification. Here we present quantitative estimates of microbial community turnover at local and regional scales using the largest spatially explicit microbial diversity data set available (> 10 6 sample pairs). Turnover rates were small across large geographical distances, of similar magnitude when measured within distinct habitats, and did not increase going from one vegetation type to another. The taxa–area relationship of these terrestrial microbial eukaryotes was relatively flat (slope z = 0.074) and consistent with those reported in aquatic habitats 8 , 9 . This suggests that despite high local diversity, microorganisms may have only moderate regional diversity. We show how turnover patterns can be used to project taxa–area relationships up to whole continents. Taxa dissimilarities across continents and between them would strengthen these projections. Such data do not yet exist, but would be feasible to collect.

La teoría y la técnica contemporáneas del Tratamiento Basado en la Mentalización (MBT) y sus aplicaciones clínicas se han desarrollado significativamente en los últimos 25 años, desde que Fonagy y colaboradores presentaran en 2002 su magistral integración de psicología evolutiva, neurociencia, psicoanálisis evolutivo y genética. Su formulación como tratamiento para niños en edad escolar y sus padres (MBT-C) representa, a su vez, una evolución de las ideas de Anna Freud sobre la importancia de aplicar el conocimiento evolutivo a la labor clínica.Este libro busca ilustrar, con ejemplos clínicos, las diversas aplicaciones y modificaciones del modelo MBT-C y las formas en las que los terapeutas se adaptan a las necesidades del niño, a su mundo interno y externo. Con la aportación de profesionales de distintos ámbitos de la salud mental y de diversas áreas geográficas, pero con un lenguaje psicodinámico evolutivo común, se invita al lector a conocer la versatilidad de un modelo que organiza el funcionamiento clínico interno y externo del profesional, al tiempo que libera su capacidad de jugar, crear y coconstruir.

Observations were made of foraging frequency and food selection by species of Macrotermitinae in a savanna habitat in the distal reaches of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A removal experiment in the field was also conducted. Observable foraging showed seasonal peaks in frequency, related to temperature in Macrotermes michaelseni and to moisture in sympatric soil nesting Termitidae. Foraging was mostly on woody litter of the dominant canopy trees and mammalian dung. There was considerable overlap in the selection of food items between species but M. michaelseni were seen more frequently on items of woody litter greater than 6 mm in diameter. In Petri-dish trials Microtermes spp. workers were aggressive towards M. michaelseni individuals and in the field they foraged more frequently and effectively when M. michaelseni numbers were experimentally reduced. Macrotermes michaelseni appeared to avoid competition with other fungus-growing species by spatial separation within the habitat and some limited separation in food selection, but intense competition is probably rare as space and food resources may rarely be limiting.

Biological information technology, or bioinformatics, is the application of information technology to the solution of biological problems. Oliver et al describe the components of one approach to virtual biodiversity assessment. They discuss the advantages of this system over conventional approaches and provide practical information and advice for groups wishing to build their own.

Environmental surrogates (land classes) for the distribution of biodiversity are increasingly being used for conservation planning. However, data that demonstrate coincident patterns in land classes and biodiversity are limited. We ask the overall question, \"Are land systems effective surrogates for the spatial configuration of biodiversity for conservation planning?\" and we address three specific questions: (1) Do different land systems represent different biological assemblages? (2) Do biological assemblages on the same land system remain similar with increasing geographic separation? and (3) Do biological assemblages on the same land system remain similar with increasing land system isolation? Vascular plants, invertebrates, and microbiota were surveyed from 24 sites in four land systems in arid northwest New South Wales, Australia. Within each land system, sites were located to give a hierarchy of inter-site distances, and land systems were classified as either \"low isolation\" (large and continuous) or \"high isolation\" (small patches interspersed among other land systems). Each type of land system supported components of biodiversity either not found, or found infrequently, on other land systems, suggesting that land systems function as surrogates for biodiversity, and that conservation-area networks representing land-system diversity will also represent biological diversity. However, the majority of taxa were found on more than one land-system type, suggesting that a large proportion of the plant, arthropod, and microbial biodiversity may be characterized by widespread species with low fidelity to particular land systems. Significant relationships between geographic distance among sites and differences among assemblages were revealed for all taxa except the microbiota. Therefore, as sites on the same land system were located farther apart, the assemblages at those sites became more different. This finding strongly suggests that conservation planning based on land-system diversity should also sample the geographic range occupied by each land system. Land-system isolation was not revealed to be a significant source of variation in assemblage composition. Our research finds support for environmental surrogates for biodiversity in conservation planning, specifically the use of land systems and similarly derived land classifications. However, the need for explicit modeling of geographic distance in conservation planning is clearly indicated.

AbstractField and laboratory observations of mating behaviour in a population of the tropical millipede Alloporus uncinatus were carried out over one breeding season. Males obtained mates through random encounters and by forming triplet associations with copula pairs. The occurrence of triplet associations in the field was coincident with a highly male biased operational sex ratio. Mate acquisition by males was apparently stochastic and direct physical competition did not occur. In laboratory experiments mating was size-selective probably as a consequence of female choice. We consider the possibility that sperm competition has contributed to the evolution of the mating system in this species.

The position of Macrotermes michaelseni mounds were mapped in six areas of 1.5 to 31.0 ha in a range of habitats on the fringes of the Okavango delta. Abundance varied significantly between and within habitats with highest densities in relatively stable floodplain woodland. In all sites apparent overdispersion of active mounds was not statistically significant when edge effects were taken into account. When active and inactive mounds were combined some overdispersion was seen but due to the disturbance regime the probability of all mounds being active simultaneously was small. Intraspecific competition was, therefore, not considered likely. Our results and reanalyses of dispersion patterns in published accounts for Macrotermes species suggest that although mound dispersion can appear to be regular this is probably a result of historical precedence and chance events rather than any current density-dependent process.