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In this study, the (2+1)-dimensional combined Korteweg–de Vries and modified Korteweg–de Vries equation has been considered for the first time. Firstly, we check the integrability of the governing equation. Then, we generate Lie symmetries, and with the help of corresponding transformations, the governing equation has been reduced to ordinary differential equations. Further, we have constructed the dark, bright, singular and combo bright-singular soliton solutions via different techniques. The hyperbolic function method, the Kudryashov method and a new version of Kudryashov method are among these techniques. Moreover, by using phase plane theory, we investigate the stability of the corresponding dynamical system.

This paper is devoted in the study of the resonant nonlinear Schrödinger equation with competing weakly nonlocal nonlinearity and fractional temporal evolution which describes the dynamics of optical solitons through nonlinear optical fibers. The equation is studied with two forms of nonlinearity, namely Kerr law and parabolic law. The fractional complex transformation and F -expansion method is used to obtain exact optical soliton solutions of the equation. In addition, the constraint relations between the model coefficients and the traveling wave frequency coefficient for the existence of optical solitons are also derived.

The rising incidence of pregnancies among older women, typically defined as those aged 35 and above, has raised concerns regarding both maternal and fetal health outcomes. Advanced maternal age is linked to various pregnancy complications, such as a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities, gestational hypertension, preterm birth, and other adverse outcomes. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate maternal and fetal outcomes in this population of elderly pregnant women, shedding light on the risks and complications they face during pregnancy. The study also explored the prevalence of pregnancy-related issues in older women and how these conditions affected both maternal and fetal health. Materials and methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted over two years at a tertiary care hospital, with ethics approval and written informed consent obtained. It included pregnant women aged ≥35 attending the antenatal clinic and delivering at the hospital. Women with major pre-existing medical conditions (e.g., severe respiratory or cardiac disease, uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension) were excluded. Data were collected through patient interviews and medical record reviews, covering maternal factors (age, parity, socioeconomic status, religion, obstetric history, and comorbidities) and pregnancy complications (e.g., gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, anemia, cardiac issues, and antepartum hemorrhage). Fetal outcomes, such as gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, congenital anomalies, and mode of delivery, were documented. Participants were followed from the antenatal period through delivery and postpartum discharge. Out of 23,777 total recruited participants, 311 were elderly mothers (1.3%). The mean age was 36.2±1.7 years, with most women (89.6%) aged 35-40. The majority were Muslim (89.6%) and from a Class IV socioeconomic background (50%). Delayed childbirth was often due to unknown causes (45.3%) or a preference for male children (35.8%). Delayed childbirth in the study was primarily attributed to unknown causes (45.3%) and a preference for male children (35.8%). The \"unknown causes\" category likely reflects delayed marriage, career, or education pursuits, infertility issues, or broader societal shifts. In contrast, the preference for male children highlights a cultural influence, where sons are providers of financial and social security. This can lead couples to postpone childbirth or continue trying for a male child, thereby increasing maternal age. Most were multigravida (84.9%), with 58.5% having cesarean sections. Common complications included anemia (24.5%), PIH (9.4%), and preterm labor (21.7%). Most births were live (98.1%), with 32.7% requiring NICU admission due to low birth weight or prematurity, and 17.6% neonatal deaths were recorded. Elderly pregnancies carry a greater risk for both maternal and fetal complications, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birth weight, preterm labor, and an increased likelihood of cesarean delivery. However, with proper prenatal care, regular monitoring, and timely interventions, many of these risks can be effectively managed to enhance both maternal and fetal health. This study emphasizes the need for personalized care for older pregnant women, advocating for early detection, prevention measures, and a collaborative approach to ensure safe pregnancies in this growing population.

This paper explores an analytical approach for obtaining multiple solutions for a three-wave interaction system in ( 1 + 1 ) dimensions. We introduce a novel approach that expresses wave solutions in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions and explores specific cases involving hyperbolic functions. Additionally, this paper focuses on analyzing the linear stability of two kinds of solutions: (a) periodic and (b) one or two-hump bright solitons influenced by group velocity and group velocity dispersion. The method of separation of variables along with the ansatz method is employed to derive extract analytical solutions of this model. For linear stability analysis, the eigenvalue problem is solved using the Fourier collocation method, where Fourier coefficients are defined analytically and validated numerically. Moreover, linear stability is verified through direct numerical simulations using the pseudospectral method with special derivatives in the temporal direction ( t ) and the 4th-order Runge–Kutta method in the spatial direction ( z ), further confirmed by the Crank-Nicholson finite difference method. All these investigations within the framework of our current model yield novel insights and present breakthrough research opportunities in the realm of nonlinear optics. A key finding of this study is the discovery of stable analytical solutions, which are presented here for the first time. Furthermore, we introduce a special case known as constant magnitude wave solution and examine its modulational instability in the presence of group velocity dispersion. We also investigate the influence of group velocities and wave vector mismatches. All the results obtained are new and interesting, and the concept opens new possibilities for results in the field of nonlinear optics and nonlinear dynamics.

In this paper, we consider an extended form of generalized ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional Hirota bilinear equation which demonstrates nonlinear wave phenomena in shallow water, oceanography and nonlinear optics. We have successfully studied the integrability characteristic of the nonlinear equation in different aspects. We have applied the Painlevè analysis technique on the equation and found that it is not completely integrable in Painlevè sense. The concept of Bell polynomial form is introduced and the Hirota bilinear form, Bäcklund transformations are obtained. By means of Cole-Hopf transformation, we have derived the Lax pairs by direct linearization of coupled system of binary Bell polynomials. We have also derived infinite conservation laws from two field condition of the generalized ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional Hirota bilinear equation. We have exploited the expressions of one-soliton, two-soliton and three-soliton solutions directly from Hirota bilinear form and demonstrated them pictorially. Further, Lie symmetry approach is applied to analyze the Lie symmetries and vector fields of the considered problem. The symmetry reductions were then obtained using similarity variables and some closed-form solutions such as parabolic wave solutions and kink wave solutions are secured.

Exact stationary solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the presence of complex deformed supersymmetric potential have been obtained in terms of bright soliton and dark soliton. As an example, PT -symmetric Scarf potential has been considered. Then the corresponding spectrum of linear Schrödinger equation has been investigated, and the PT broken and unbroken regions of linear Schrödinger equation have been delineated analytically. The bright soliton and a bright-dark soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation are retrieved analytically with real eigenvalues. Moreover, the stability of these solutions is corroborated by means of linear stability analysis which are validated by direct numerical simulations in terms of a wide range of potential amplitudes for focusing as well as defocusing cases. Finally, we illustrate the strength of stability of bright and dark solitons through the adiabatic transformations on system parameters. Then connected and disconnected stable regions of bright and dark solitons are examined.

Beyond its basic nutritional function, the food we eat defines us in many ways, forming an integral part of our identity, and it also reflects cultural norms and social practices. This paper explores the meaning of food and its relationship with culture and identity. The importance of food has long been overlooked by scholars across different fields. However, in recent decades, this topic has gained considerable attention from academics. Based on the material and metaphysical qualities of food, this paper explores the concept of food, culture, identity, and the sensory experience of food. By briefly exploring the Mizo food culture, this paper also looks at the interconnectedness of these fundamental concepts in Mizo society. This paper aims to encourage future analysis across multiple disciplines, encompassing interdisciplinary studies that philosophise culinary and food studies.  

Eldercare arrangements are intricately woven and complex. While adult children are socially extolled as legitimate caregivers, ayahs working in ayah centres are making revolutionary strides in Kolkata. Drawing across this context, the article explores multiple essences of lived experiences through which care actors like ayahs, elderly care receivers, their kin and ayah-centre managers produce and reproduce ‘care practices’. These establish ayahs and ayah centres as a social resource for the elderly, enabling them to reflect on their mundane ageing and ‘personhood’ in Kolkata.