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CoDEx is a Mathematica\\[^{\\textregistered }\\] package that calculates the Wilson coefficients (WCs) corresponding to effective operators up to mass dimension 6. Once the part of the Lagrangian involving single and multiple degenerate heavy fields, belonging to some beyond standard model (BSM) theory, is given, the package can then integrate out propagators from the tree and 1-loop diagrams of that BSM theory. It then computes the associated WCs up to 1-loop level, for two different bases: [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]and [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]. \"CoDEx\" requires only very basic information as regards the heavy field(s), e.g., color, isospin, hypercharge, mass, and spin. The package first calculates the WCs at the high scale (mass of the heavy field(s)). We then have an option to perform the renormalization group evolutions (RGEs) of these operators in [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]basis, a complete one (unlike [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]), using the anomalous dimension matrix. Thus, one can get all effective operators at the electro-weak scale, generated from any such BSM theory, containing heavy fields of spin 0, 1/2, and 1. We provide many example models (both here and in the package documentation) that more or less encompass different choices of heavy fields and interactions. Relying on the status of the present day precision data, we restrict ourselves up to dimension-6 effective operators. This will be generalized for any dimensional operators in a later version.

A bstract We present the renormalisation group running of the bosonic operators of the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) by the Lepton Number Violating operators (LNVs) at 1-loop order up to O ( v 4 / Λ 4 ), with v ∼ 246 GeV as the electroweak scale and Λ as the SMEFT cut-off. Using these relations with the positivity bounds on Wilson coefficients of ϕ 4 D 4 class, we derive sign constraints on the Wilson coefficients of LNV operators, for models where ϕ 4 D 4 operators do not appear at tree-level. We inspect these constraints for the LNV Wilson coefficients generated from matching the Type-I and III seesaw models to SMEFT up to dimension seven at tree-level. We also exhibit the unique bounds induced by the T-parameter on LNVs.

A bstract We compute the renormalization group equations (RGEs) of the Standard Model effective field theory (EFT) extended with a real scalar singlet, up to dimension-five and one-loop accuracy. We compare our renormalization results with those found in the shift-symmetry preserving limit, which characterizes axion-like particles (ALPs). The matching and running equations below the electroweak scale are also obtained, including the mixing effects in the scalar sector. Such mixing leads to interesting phenomenological consequences that are absent in the EFT at the renormalizable level, namely new correlations among the triplet and quartic Higgs couplings are predicted. All RGEs obtained in this work are implemented in a new Mathematica package — ALPRunner, together with functions to solve the running numerically for an arbitrary set of UV parameters. As an application, we obtain electric dipole moment constraints on particular regions of the singlet parameter space, and quantify the level of shift-breaking in these regions.

A bstract The Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) is an established theoretical framework that parametrises the impact a UV theory has on low-energy observables. Such parametrization is achieved by studying the interactions of SM fields encapsulated within higher mass dimensional ( ≥ 5) operators. Through judicious employment of the tools of EFTs, SMEFT has become a source of new predictions as well as a platform for conducting a coherent comparison of new physics (beyond Standard Model) scenarios. We, for the first time, are proposing a diagrammatic approach to establish selection criteria for the allowed heavy field representations corresponding to each SMEFT operator. We have elucidated the links of a chain connecting specific CP conserving dimension-6 SMEFT operators with unique sets of heavy field representations. The contact interactions representing each effective operator have been unfolded into tree- and (or) one-loop-level diagrams to reveal unique embeddings of heavy fields within them. For each case, the renormalizable vertices of a UV model serve as the building blocks for all possible unfolded diagrams. Based on this, we have laid the groundwork to construct observable-driven new physics models. This in turn also prevents us from making redundant analyses of similar models. While we have taken a predominantly minimalistic approach, we have also highlighted the necessity for non-minimal interactions for certain operators.

The phase separation dynamics in graphitic anodes significantly affects lithium plating propensity, which is the major degradation mechanism that impairs the safety and fast charge capabilities of automotive lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we present comprehensive investigation employing operando high-resolution optical microscopy combined with non-equilibrium thermodynamics implemented in a multi-dimensional (1D+1D to 3D) phase-field modeling framework to reveal the rate-dependent spatial dynamics of phase separation and plating in graphite electrodes. Here we visualize and provide mechanistic understanding of the multistage phase separation, plating, inter/intra-particle lithium exchange and plated lithium back-intercalation phenomena. A strong dependence of intra-particle lithiation heterogeneity on the particle size, shape, orientation, surface condition and C-rate at the particle level is observed, which leads to early onset of plating spatially resolved by a 3D image-based phase-field model. Moreover, we highlight the distinct relaxation processes at different state-of-charges (SOCs), wherein thermodynamically unstable graphite particles undergo a drastic intra-particle lithium redistribution and inter-particle lithium exchange at intermediate SOCs, whereas the electrode equilibrates much slower at low and high SOCs. These physics-based insights into the distinct SOC-dependent relaxation efficiency provide new perspective towards developing advanced fast charge protocols to suppress plating and shorten the constant voltage regime. Improved understanding of the spatial dynamics in graphite electrodes is needed to improve fast-charging protocols for Li-ion batteries. Here, authors highlight that lithiation heterogeneity leads to early lithium plating onset and find distinct relaxation behaviors at various states of charge.

A bstract Effective Field Theory (EFT) technique is one of the most elegant ways to capture the impact of high scale theory, if any, at some low energy by incorporating higher mass dimensional ( ≥ 5) effective operators ( O i ). The low energy EFT is described in terms of only light degrees of freedom (DOF) which can appear on-shell. An essential task while developing the EFT framework is to compute these O i ’s. Hilbert Series (HS) is a novel and mathematically robust method to construct the complete set of gauge invariant independent, effective operators. The HS requires the knowledge of the transformation properties of the light DOF and the covariant derivatives under the internal gauge symmetries and conformal groups. The Hilbert Series method, by its virtue, automatically takes care of the redundancies in the operator set due to the Equations of Motion (EOMs) of fields and Integration by Parts (IBPs) with impeccable accuracy. In this paper, we have adopted this methodology to construct the complete set of independent operators up to dimension-6 in the “Warsaw”-like basis for two different Beyond Standard Model scenarios — Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) and Minimal Left-Right Symmetric Model (MLRSM). For both these cases, we have calculated the corrections to the scalar, gauge boson and fermion mass spectra due to the dimension-6 operators. The additional contributions to all the Feynman vertices are computed and their impact on different observables, namely Weak mixing angle, Fermi constant, ρ and oblique ( S, T, U ) parameters. We have further discussed how the magnetic moments of charged leptons and production and decay of the massive BSM particles, e.g., charged scalar and different rare processes are affected in the presence of effective operators. We have also constructed the effective scalar four-point interactions and commented on the possible reinvestigation of the theoretical constraints, e.g., unitarity and vacuum stability within these frameworks.

Background Patient-reported survey data are used to train prognostic models aimed at improving healthcare. However, such data are typically available multi-centric and, for privacy reasons, cannot easily be centralized in one data repository. Models trained locally are less accurate, robust, and generalizable. We aim to investigate the applicability of privacy-preserving federated machine learning techniques for prognostic model building on health survey data, where local data never leaves the legally safe harbors of the medical centers. Methods We used centralized, local, and federated learning techniques on two healthcare datasets ( GLA: D ® data from the five health regions of Denmark and international SHARE data of 27 countries) to predict two different health outcomes. We compared linear regression, random forest regression, and random forest classification models trained on local data with those trained on the entire data in a centralized and in a federated fashion. Results In GLA: D ® data, federated linear regression (R 2 0.34, RMSE 18.2) and federated random forest regression (R 2 0.34, RMSE 18.3) models outperform their local counterparts (i.e., R 2 0.32, RMSE 18.6, R 2 0.30, RMSE 18.8) with statistical significance. We also found that centralized models (R 2 0.34, RMSE 18.2, R 2 0.32, RMSE 18.5, respectively) did not perform significantly better than the federated models. In SHARE, the federated model (AC 0.78, AUROC: 0.71) and centralized model (AC 0.84, AUROC: 0.66) perform significantly better than the local models (AC: 0.74, AUROC: 0.69). Conclusion Federated learning enables the training of prognostic models from multi-center surveys without compromising privacy and with only minimal or no compromise regarding model performance.

Objective: This study evaluates whether one-year changes in physical activity (PA), pain intensity, and quality of life (QOL) after exercise therapy and education are larger than normal fluctuations over time in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Method: Patients with knee osteoarthritis participating in the Good Life with Osteoarthritis in Denmark (GLA:D®) exercise therapy and education program (n = 7603) and participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) who received no specific treatment (n = 1156) were included. PA was measured using the UCLA PA scale (1–10) in the GLA:D® group and the PASE (0–531) in the OAI group. PASE scores were mapped to the UCLA distribution. Pain intensity was measured using a standardized visual analog scale (VAS, 0–100), and QOL was assessed via the KOOS QOL scale (0–100). Changes were categorized as increased, maintained, and decreased. To ensure comparability between GLA:D® and OAI participants, we used entropy balancing, considering the covariables age, gender, BMI, depression, employment status, and our outcome variables at baseline. Results: At one year, 41% of GLA:D® participants showed increased PA compared to 38% in the balanced OAI group (p = 0.015). Pain intensity decreased by ≥20 mm on the VAS in 39% of GLA:D® and 27% of OAI participants (p < 0.001). QOL improved by ≥ 10 mm on the KOOS scale in 48% of GLA:D® and 40% of OAI participants (p < 0.001). Additionally, for PA, pain, and QOL, 6%, 13%, and 7% more patients in the control group experienced worsening in these outcomes, respectively. Conclusions: Twelve percent more participants experienced clinically relevant pain reductions in the GLA:D® group compared to OAI participants, and 3% and 8% more reported improvements in PA and QOL, respectively. Additionally, more patients in the control group experienced worsening in these outcomes. These differences indicate that clinically relevant pain improvements following exercise therapy and education may exceed normal fluctuations in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

In recent years, theoretical and phenomenological studies with effective field theories have become a trending and prolific line of research in the field of high-energy physics. In order to discuss present and future prospects concerning automated tools in this field, the SMEFT-Tools 2022 workshop was held at the University of Zurich from 14th–16th September 2022. The current document collects and summarizes the content of this workshop.

In recent years, theoretical and phenomenological studies with effective field theories have become a trending and prolific line of research in the field of high-energy physics. In order to discuss present and future prospects concerning automated tools in this field, the SMEFT-Tools 2022 workshop was held at the University of Zurich from 14th–16th September 2022. The current document collects and summarizes the content of this workshop.