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Map-based cloning is an iterative approach that identifies the underlying genetic cause of a mutant phenotype. The major strength of this approach is the ability to tap into a nearly unlimited resource of natural and induced genetic variation without prior assumptions or knowledge of specific genes. One begins with an interesting mutant and allows plant biology to reveal what gene or genes are involved. Three major advances in the past 2 years have made map-based cloning in Arabidopsis fairly routine: sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, the availability of more than 50,000 markers in the Cereon Arabidopsis Polymorphism Collection, and improvements in the methods used for detecting DNA polymorphisms. Here, we describe the Cereon Collection and show how it can be used in a generic approach to mutation mapping in Arabidopsis. We present the map-based cloning of the VTC2 gene as a specific example of this approach.

Recent college graduates were surveyed to explore factors associated with both negotiation propensity as well as success in raising initial salary offers through negotiation. The average payoff associated with negotiation was over $1,500, while the offers of those who did not negotiate increased negligibly. Applicants given the option to present their salary needs negotiated at higher rates than those who were not, and individuals who had prior work experience were more likely to receive this option. Women were no less likely to engage in negotiation than men, and experienced similar success as a result of their efforts.

Large samples (300-500 students each year) of the four undergraduate classes were presented with a structured interview during the academic years 1973-1974, 1974-1975, and 1975-1976. The interview contained a series of items selected to determine level of behavioral activism and a variety of attitudinal, personality, and familial variables shown to be relevant in previous research. Students were classified as activists or nonactivists on the basis of their scores on the activism instrument. Analyses examined the effects of cohort, year in college, and activism on the other variables. The most notable finding was the greater likelihood of nonactivists to participate in national and campus politics, with participation declining over years of measurement. These and other findings were quite different from those reported in the earlier literature. It was concluded that developmental designs which permit separation of cohort and year-of-measurement effects are critical in research on such changing social phenomena.

Family units, consisting of one young adult offspring of either sex and both parents, were given two measures of authoritarianism: The California F Scale and the Traditional Family Ideology (TFI) Scale developed by Levinson and Huffman. The final sample of those families completing all scales consisted of 43 families of female young adults and 25 families of male young adults. As expected, the young adults were significantly less authoritarian than their parents on both measures. Previous research had reported mixed results on sex differences in authoritarianism, some reporting males more authoritarian, others females more authoritarian, and still others no difference. The present study found no sex differences. Mixed results have also been reported in parent-child similarities, with some studies finding cross-sex similarities and others reporting same-sex similarities. The present research supported neither pattern, since none of the parent-offspring correlations was significant for either sex. The lack of parent-offspring correlation was viewed as an indication of shifting socialization influences from the family to other institutions.