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"David Nichols"
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The limits of liberty : mobility and the making of the Eastern U.S. - Mexico border
\"The Limits of Liberty chronicles the formation of the U.S.-Mexico border from a unique vantage of how \"mobile peoples\" assisted in constructing the international boundary from both sides\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Psilocybin: from ancient magic to modern medicine
Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is an indole-based secondary metabolite produced by numerous species of mushrooms. South American Aztec Indians referred to them as teonanacatl, meaning “god’s flesh,” and they were used in religious and healing rituals. Spanish missionaries in the 1500s attempted to destroy all records and evidence of the use of these mushrooms. Nevertheless, a 16th century Spanish Franciscan friar and historian mentioned teonanacatl in his extensive writings, intriguing 20th century ethnopharmacologists and leading to a decades-long search for the identity of teonanacatl. Their search ultimately led to a 1957 photo-essay in a popular magazine, describing for the Western world the use of these mushrooms. Specimens were ultimately obtained, and their active principle identified and chemically synthesized. In the past 10–15 years several FDA-approved clinical studies have indicated potential medical value for psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in treating depression, anxiety, and certain addictions. At present, assuming that the early clinical studies can be validated by larger studies, psilocybin is poised to make a significant impact on treatments available to psychiatric medicine.
Journal Article
Engines of diplomacy : Indian trading factories and the negotiation of American empire
\"As a fledgling republic, the United States implemented a series of trading outposts to engage indigenous peoples and to expand American interests west of the Appalachian Mountains. Under the authority of the executive branch, this Indian factory system was designed to strengthen economic ties between Indian nations and the United States, while eliminating competition from unscrupulous fur traders. In this detailed history of the Indian factory system, David Andrew Nichols demonstrates how Native Americans and U.S. government authorities sought to exert their power in the trading posts by using them as sites for commerce, political maneuvering, and diplomatic action\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Ike and McCarthy : Dwight Eisenhower's secret campaign against Joseph McCarthy
\"In January 1954, Joseph McCarthy was one of the most powerful members of the United States Senate. By the end of that year he had been censured by his colleagues, and his power was shattered. Ike and McCarthy is the dramatic story of how President Dwight Eisenhower worked behind the scenes to make this happen. When Eisenhower took office in January 1953, anticommunist fervor was at a fever pitch. The loudest voice was McCarthy's, charging that the government was riddled with communist spies. Ike thought that McCarthy's accusations were dangerously irresponsible, but in 1953 he had other priorities, including ending the Korean War. Commentators and pundits blasted Eisenhower for not confronting McCarthy, but the president believed that challenging McCarthy directly would only enhance the senator's reputation. However, when McCarthy launched an investigation into communists in the Army, Eisenhower, who had spent most of his life as a soldier, knew he would not be exempt from McCarthy's attacks. David A. Nichols tells the riveting and little-known story of how Eisenhower and his advisers carefully plotted their successful effort to diminish McCarthy's influence. Eisenhower was not above exploiting personal information about McCarthy's chief counsel Roy Cohn's relationship with army private G. David Schine. When Ike learned that Cohn had repeatedly sought special privileges for Schine, the White House instigated an investigation into whether McCarthy had exercised improper influence on Schine's behalf. The resulting report by the army, which concealed the White House's role, ignited a political firestorm that resulted in the Army-McCarthy hearings. Those hearings, lasting two months, exposed McCarthy's tactics to the public through the new medium of television. That was McCarthy's downfall, covertly manipulated by Eisenhower and his closest advisers. While others played a part, Dwight Eisenhower's secret role in McCarthy's destruction is a seminal story in American political history. Nichols has drawn on thousands of McCarthy-related documents in the Eisenhower Presidential Library archives that Ike ordered a subordinate to collect, as well as other declassified documents, to tell this story of a classic Washington power struggle.\"--Jacket flaps.
BOOK
Volatile scent chemicals in the urine of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes
The red fox is a highly adaptable mammal that has established itself world-wide in many different environments. Contributing to its success is a social structure based on chemical signalling between individuals. Urine scent marking behaviour has long been known in foxes, but there has not been a recent study of the chemical composition of fox urine. We have used solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the urinary volatiles in 15 free-ranging wild foxes (2 female) living in farmlands and bush in Victoria, Australia. Foxes here are routinely culled as feral pests, and the urine was collected by bladder puncture soon after death. Compounds were identified from their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices. There were 53 possible endogenous scent compounds, 10 plant-derived compounds and 5 anthropogenic xenobiotics. Among the plant chemicals were several aromatic apocarotenoids previously found in greater abundance in the fox tail gland. They reflect the dietary consumption of carotenoids, essential for optimal health. One third of all the endogenous volatiles were sulfur compounds, a highly odiferous group which included thiols, methylsulfides and polysulfides. Five of the sulfur compounds (3-isopentenyl thiol, 1- and 2-phenylethyl methyl sulfide, octanethiol and benzyl methyl sulfide) have only been found in foxes, and four others (isopentyl methyl sulfide, 3-isopentenyl methyl sulfide, and 1- and 2-phenylethane thiol) only in some canid, mink and skunk species. This indicates that they are not normal mammalian metabolites and have evolved to serve a specific role. This role is for defence in musteloids and most likely for chemical communication in canids. The total production of sulfur compounds varied greatly between foxes (median 1.2, range 0.4–32.3 μg ‘acetophenone equivalents’/mg creatinine) as did the relative abundance of different chemical types. The urinary scent chemistry may represent a highly evolved system of semiochemicals for communication between foxes.
Journal Article
This Orq : (he cave boy)
\"Meet Orq. He cave boy. Meet Woma. He woolly mammoth. Orq love Woma. A lot. He want pet. Orq's mother say Woma shed. And smell. And not housetrained. Yuck. Woma not allowed in cave. But Orq has plan. Kind of\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Pharmacologic improvement of CFTR function rapidly decreases sputum pathogen density, but lung infections generally persist
BackgroundLung infections are among the most consequential manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) and are associated with reduced lung function and shortened survival. Drugs called CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators improve activity of dysfunctional CFTR channels, which is the physiological defect causing CF. However, it is unclear how improved CFTR activity affects CF lung infections.MethodsWe performed a prospective, multicenter, observational study to measure the effect of the newest and most effective CFTR modulator, elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI), on CF lung infections. We studied sputum from 236 people with CF during their first 6 months of ETI using bacterial cultures, PCR, and sequencing.ResultsMean sputum densities of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp., and Burkholderia spp. decreased by 2-3 log10 CFU/mL after 1 month of ETI. However, most participants remained culture positive for the pathogens cultured from their sputum before starting ETI. In those becoming culture negative after ETI, the pathogens present before treatment were often still detectable by PCR months after sputum converted to culture negative. Sequence-based analyses confirmed large reductions in CF pathogen genera, but other bacteria detected in sputum were largely unchanged. ETI treatment increased average sputum bacterial diversity and produced consistent shifts in sputum bacterial composition. However, these changes were caused by ETI-mediated decreases in CF pathogen abundance rather than changes in other bacteria.ConclusionsTreatment with the most effective CFTR modulator currently available produced large and rapid reductions in traditional CF pathogens in sputum, but most participants remain infected with the pathogens present before modulator treatment.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04038047.FundingThe Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the NIH.
Journal Article
This orq. (he say ugh!)
This companion to \"This Orq. (He Cave Boy.)\" pits Orq and Woma against a couple of stone-age bullies.
Book
Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation
The possession of psychoactive drugs is subject to national and international regulations. In this Perspective article, Nutt
et al
. discuss how this situation makes it extremely difficult to obtain licences and investigate both the therapeutic potential and the potential dangers of psychoactive drugs.
Many psychoactive drugs are used recreationally, particularly by young people. This use and its perceived dangers have led to many different classes of drugs being banned under national laws and international conventions. Indeed, the possession of cannabis, 3,4-methylenedioxy-
N
-methylamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) and psychedelics is stringently regulated. An important and unfortunate outcome of the controls placed on these and other psychoactive drugs is that they make research into their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses — for example, in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder — difficult and in many cases almost impossible.
Journal Article