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Cancer is a leading cause of disease burden globally, with more than 19·3 million cases and 10 million deaths recorded in 2020. Research is crucial to understanding the determinants of cancer and the effects of interventions, and to improving outcomes. We aimed to analyse global patterns of public and philanthropic investment in cancer research. In this content analysis, we searched the UberResearch Dimensions database and Cancer Research UK data for human cancer research funding awards from public and philanthropic funders between Jan 1, 2016, and Dec 31, 2020. Included award types were project and programme grants, fellowships, pump priming, and pilot projects. Awards focused on operational delivery of cancer care were excluded. Awards were categorised by cancer type, cross-cutting research theme, and research phase. Funding amount was compared with global burden of specific cancers, measured by disability-adjusted life-years, years lived with disability, and mortality using data from the Global Burden of Disease study. We identified 66 388 awards with total investment of about US$24·5 billion in 2016–20. Investment decreased year-on-year, with the largest drop observed between 2019 and 2020. Pre-clinical research received 73·5% of the funding across the 5 years ($18 billion), phase 1–4 clinical trials received 7·4% ($1·8 billion), public health research received 9·4% ($2·3 billion), and cross-disciplinary research received 5·0% ($1·2 billion). General cancer research received the largest investment ($7·1 billion, 29·2% of the total funding). The most highly funded cancer types were breast cancer ($2·7 billion [11·2%]), haematological cancer ($2·3 billion [9·4%]), and brain cancer ($1·3 billion [5·5%]). Analysis by cross-cutting theme revealed that 41·2% of investment ($9·6 billion) went to cancer biology research, 19·6% ($4·6 billion) to drug treatment research, and 12·1% ($2·8 billion) to immuno-oncology. 1·4% of the total funding ($0·3 billion) was spent on surgery research, 2·8% ($0·7 billion) was spent on radiotherapy research, and 0·5% ($0·1 billion) was spent on global health studies. Cancer research funding must be aligned with the global burden of cancer with more equitable funding for cancer research in low-income and middle-income countries (which account for 80% of cancer burden), both to support research relevant to these settings, and build research capacity within these countries. There is an urgent need to prioritise investment in surgery and radiotherapy research given their primacy in the treatment of many solid tumours. None.

Natural gas production is expected to be sustained until 2030 in North America, with demand rising, in part due to ‘coal-to-gas switching’. Natural gas wells can leak, resulting in stray gas migration, which can be detrimental to the environment. The goal of this research was to investigate stray gas migration and mass transfer in geologically-realistic bed-scale heterogeneity, for the purposes of better conceptualization and improving field-scale modelling and monitoring techniques. This goal was achieved by conducting methane injection and dissolution experiments in a medium scale (39.6 cm × 40 cm × 1.15 cm) quasi-two-dimensional flow cell packed with heterogeneous or homogeneous deposits. Geologically-realistic bed-scale microheterogeneous structures were created using a newly developed modified 3D printer depositional apparatus. Sand packs were assessed for structural similarity to replications of themselves, and replication of gas migration was assessed between and within packs by injecting gas once into five replicate packs and injecting gas five times into a sixth replicate. Gas saturations throughout injection and after relaxation were quantified using the light transmission method (LTM). After gas relaxation, water was pumped through the cell and integrated aqueous samples were collected to measure concentration in time. The printer-based packing method showed good reproducibility of the geologically realistic microheterogeneous structures (herringbone cross beds). It showed good reproducibility of the macroscopic characteristics of the gas migration structure within the same and between different packs, but at the near-pore scale replication cannot be achieved. LTM results showed that methane migration is significantly impeded by capillary barriers created by heterogeneous deposits, and that the gas storage capacity can be as high as 12.2% of the pore volume at the scale of the flow cell for the heterogeneity configurations tested. Dissolved methane concentrations compared with estimates of source mass showed the rate of mass transfer to be close to a 1-to-1 relationship, and it is less sensitive to initial source mass conditions than has been reported previously for upscaled DNAPL mass transfer due to gas persistence and a reduced change in interfacial area.

It was shown that LS310 is 2.3 times more resistant to cisplatin and shows a 50% reduction in MLH1 expression when compared to LS274 (p < 0.001). It was demonstrated that the hMLH1 promoter region of LS310 exhibited methylation whereas the LS274 promoter region did not. Neither of these lines exhibited methylation of the p16, MINT 25 or DAPK loci suggesting that de novo methylation was not responsible for the methylation specific PCR results. Further work demonstrated that treatment of the LS310 cell line with the demethylating agent decitabine increased its cisplatin sensitivity as well as increasing the level of MLH1 expression of the cell line. No such changes were demonstrated in the LS274 cell line after treatment with decitabine. In summary, this research project was limited by the availability of samples. However it has demonstrated that collaborative multidisciplinary prospective planned translational research can be done and emphasises the need for a translational component to be an integral part of future lung cancer studies.

Roy Davidson spent his formative years in Calgary, in the shadow of the Great Depression. Its impact on him was enduring and profound, not only because of his own family's economic struggle to make ends meet, but also because, even during those early years he was approaching judgments about the flaws in the...

Palliative care planning for nursing home residents with advanced dementia is often suboptimal. This study compared effects of facilitated case conferencing (FCC) with usual care (UC) on end-of-life care. A two arm parallel cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted. The sample included people with advanced dementia from 20 Australian nursing homes and their families and professional caregivers. In each intervention nursing home (n = 10), Palliative Care Planning Coordinators (PCPCs) facilitated family case conferences and trained staff in person-centred palliative care for 16 hours per week over 18 months. The primary outcome was family-rated quality of end-of-life care (End-of-Life Dementia [EOLD] Scales). Secondary outcomes included nurse-rated EOLD scales, resident quality of life (Quality of Life in Late-stage Dementia [QUALID]) and quality of care over the last month of life (pharmacological/non-pharmacological palliative strategies, hospitalization or inappropriate interventions). Two-hundred-eighty-six people with advanced dementia took part but only 131 died (64 in UC and 67 in FCC which was fewer than anticipated), rendering the primary analysis under-powered with no group effect seen in EOLD scales. Significant differences in pharmacological (P < 0.01) and non-pharmacological (P < 0.05) palliative management in last month of life were seen. Intercurrent illness was associated with lower family-rated EOLD Satisfaction with Care (coefficient 2.97, P < 0.05) and lower staff-rated EOLD Comfort Assessment with Dying (coefficient 4.37, P < 0.01). Per protocol analyses showed positive relationships between EOLD and staff hours to bed ratios, proportion of residents with dementia and staff attitudes. FCC facilitates a palliative approach to care. Future trials of case conferencing should consider outcomes and processes regarding decision making and planning for anticipated events and acute illness. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12612001164886.

Animation defines life, and the three-dimensional (3D) imaging of dynamic biological processes occurring within living specimens is essential to understand life. However, in vivo imaging, especially in 3D, involves inevitable tradeoffs of resolution, speed, and phototoxicity. Chen et al. describe a microscope that can address these concerns. They used a class of nondiffracting beams, known as 2D optical lattices, which spread the excitation energy across the entire field of view while simultaneously eliminating out-of-focus excitation. Lattice light sheets increase the speed of image acquisition and reduce phototoxicity, which expands the range of biological problems that can be investigated. The authors illustrate the power of their approach using 20 distinct biological systems ranging from single-molecule binding kinetics to cell migration and division, immunology, and embryonic development. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.1257998 A new microscope allows three-dimensional imaging of living systems at very high resolution in real time. Although fluorescence microscopy provides a crucial window into the physiology of living specimens, many biological processes are too fragile, are too small, or occur too rapidly to see clearly with existing tools. We crafted ultrathin light sheets from two-dimensional optical lattices that allowed us to image three-dimensional (3D) dynamics for hundreds of volumes, often at subsecond intervals, at the diffraction limit and beyond. We applied this to systems spanning four orders of magnitude in space and time, including the diffusion of single transcription factor molecules in stem cell spheroids, the dynamic instability of mitotic microtubules, the immunological synapse, neutrophil motility in a 3D matrix, and embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster . The results provide a visceral reminder of the beauty and the complexity of living systems.

CLYDE Ian Harty's hat-trick helped Clyde close the gap on leaders Falkirk to 12 points in a thrilling 4-2 victory at Airdrie. The Bairns could only manage a 3-3 draw at Raith, but Bully Wee manager Billy Reid was just pleased to see the net bulge after four games without scoring. MORTON The promotion chase is still on for Ton as they sealed a 2- 0 win over Stirling to keep the gap to second-top Stranraer, who also won, at six points.

Fleet-footed hitman [Brian McPhee] was a former team and room-mate of Thistle co-boss Gerry Britton, at Livingston, and has remained close friends with the underfire Thistle chief. With Accies desperate to move away from the Jags, McPhee knows he could be the man who signals the fall of the axe on Britton and Derek Whyte. McPhee groaned: \"I hate to see the pressure Gerry and Derek are under but ultimately football is a results industry. Gerry and I go back a long way and you will struggle to find anyone more knowledgeable about the game.

Fleet-footed hitman [Brian McPhee] was a former team and room-mate of Thistle co-boss Gerry Britton, at Livingston, and has remained close friends with the underfire Thistle chief. With Accies desperate to move away from the Jags, McPhee knows he could be the man who signals the fall of the axe on Britton and Derek Whyte. McPhee groaned: \"I hate to see the pressure Gerry and Derek are under but ultimately football is a results industry. Gerry and I go back a long way and you will struggle to find anyone more knowledgeable about the game.

HAMILTON Accies coach Allan Maitland felt goalkeeping mistakes contributed to his side's 2-2 draw at Raith Rovers: AYR UNITED Defender Marc Smyth was sent off for Ayr after a 34th- minute elbow, and Somerset Park boss Mark Shanks won't let it end there. QUEEN'S PARK Two dismissals in the Spiders' 2-1 defeat at Cowdenbeath left boss Billy Stark raging at referee Alan Muir.