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Robotic Surgery – A Personal View of the Past, Present and Future
Research into robotic surgery has been undertaken for over 25 years. In that period a small number of companies have been formed to exploit this research and have undertaken clinical trials on patients. However, far fewer clinical applications have been undertaken than would have been expected from the level of research activity. This paper puts forward a number of reasons for this, many of which are not to do with the technology but are a consequence of the clinical and business environments. Recommendations are provided that will hopefully increase the number of clinical systems being applied. Some predictions are made for the future which should increase the number of commercial systems and thus achieve patient benefits.
Journal Article
The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774 : Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire
\"The Russo-Turkish War was one of the most decisive conflicts of the 18th century. In this book, Brian Davies offers a thorough survey of the war and explains why it was crucial to the political triumph of Catherine the Great, the southward expansion of the Russian Empire, and the rollback of Ottoman power from southeastern Europe. The war completed the incorporation of Ukraine into the Russian Empire, ended the independence of the great Cossack hosts, removed once and for all the military threat from the Crimean Khanate, began the partitions of Poland, and encouraged Catherine II to plan projects to complete the 'liberation' of the lower Danubian and Balkan Slavs and Greeks. The war legitimated and secured the power of Catherine II, finally made the Pontic steppe safe for agricultural colonization, and won ports enabling Russia to control the Black Sea and become a leading grain exporter. Traditionally historians (Sorel, for example) have treated this war as the beginning of the 'Eastern Question,' the question of how the European powers should manage the decline of the Ottoman Empire. A thorough grasp of the Russo-Turkish War is essential to understanding the complexity and volatility of diplomacy in 18th-century Europe. This book will be an invaluable resource for all scholars and students on European military history and the history of Eastern Europe\"--From publisher's website.
Book
Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe
In terms of resource mobilization and devastation the wars between Russia, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire were some of the largest of the 18th century, and had enormous consequences for the balance of power in Eastern Europe.
eBook
A New Venous Entry Detection Method Based on Electrical Bio-impedance Sensing
Peripheral intravenous catheterization (PIVC) is frequently required for various medical treatments. Over 1 billion PIVC operations are performed per year in the United States alone. However, this operation is characterized by a very low success rate, especially amongst pediatric patients. Statistics show that only 53% of first PIVC attempts are successful in pediatric patients. Since their veins are small and readily rupture, multiple attempts are commonly required before successfully inserting the catheter into the vein. This article presents and evaluates a novel venous entry detection method based on measuring the electrical bio-impedance of the contacting tissue at the tip of a concentric electrode needle (CEN). This detection method is then implemented in the design of a clinical device called smart venous entry indicator (SVEI), which lights up a LED to indicate the venous entry when the measured value is within the range of blood. To verify this detection method, two experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, we measured the bio-impedance during the insertion of a CEN into a rat’s tail vein with different excitation frequencies. Then three classifiers are tested to discriminate blood from surrounding tissues. The experimental results indicate that with 100 kHz excitation frequency the blood bio-impedance can be identified with accuracy nearly 100%, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method for venous entry detection. The second experiment aims to assess the impact of SVEI on PIVC performance. Ten naive subjects were invited to catheterize a realistic baby arm phantom. The subjects are equally divided into two groups, where one group does PIVC with SVEI and the other group uses an ordinary IV catheter. The results show that subjects using SVEI can achieve much higher success rates (86%) than those performing PIVC in a conventional way (12%). Also, all subjects assisted by SVEI succeeded in their first trials while no one succeed in their first attempt using the conventional unassisted system. These results demonstrate the proposed detection method has great potential to improve pediatric PIVC performance, especially for non-expert clinicians. This supports further investment towards clinical validation of the technology.
Journal Article
The hedgehog : a modern Arabic novella
\"\"My mother went to visit our neighbor, Umm Bahaa, but refused to take me with her, on the pretext that women visit women and men visit men. So she left me alone, promising not to be gone more than a few minutes. I told my cat I was going to strangle her, but she paid no attention and continued grooming herself with her tongue.\" [After this setting statement] we meet the five-year-old narrator of The Hedgehog, who introduces us to his world: his house (with the djinn girl who lives in his bedroom), his garden (where he wishes to be a tree), and his best friend the black stone wall. This tightly told novella confirms that Zakaria Tamer remains at the height of his powers. The short stories that follow are economical and controlled. They deal with man's inhumanity to man (and to woman) and showcase the author's typical sharply satirical style.\"--Jacket.
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