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Purpose Adherence to a Mediterranean diet pattern may be associated with lower asthma prevalence in children. We sought to corroborate these findings in Peruvian children. Methods This case–control study included children of ages 9–19 years living in Lima, Peru. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was completed and diet pattern was analyzed using a modified Mediterranean diet score (MDS). Primary analysis investigated the relationship between MDS and asthma status. Maternal education, age, sex, and body mass index category were included in multivariate model. Secondary outcomes included asthma control, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), allergic rhinitis, and atopic status. Results 287 participants with asthma and 96 controls without asthma completed a FFQ. Mean age was 13.5 years. According to the asthma control test (ACT), 86 % of those with asthma were controlled (score >19). MDS scores ranged 6–18 (median 15). In adjusted analysis, being above the median MDS scores was associated with decreased odds of asthma [OR = 0.55, 95 % CI (0.33, 0.92), p  = 0.02]. Among children whose mothers completed secondary education, being above the median MDS significantly decreased the odds of asthma [OR = 0.31, 95 % CI (0.14, 0.71), p  < 0.01], whereas among those whose mothers did not complete secondary education there was no protective effect [OR = 0.86, 95 % CI (0.43, 1.7), p  = 0.66]. There was no association between MDS scores and asthma control, FEV1, allergic rhinitis, or atopic status. Conclusion Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with having asthma among children in Lima, Peru. This effect was strongest among children with better educated mothers.

Background Asthma is one of the conditions that contributes to the global burden of respiratory diseases and has been previously associated with diet intake. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between diet, assessed by a developed score, and asthma in Peruvian children. Methods This study was a cross sectional analysis nested within an unmatched case-control study of children in two peri-urban communities of Lima, Peru. We evaluated 767 children and adolescents (573 with asthma, 194 controls) between 9 and 19 years. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), with food groups classified as “healthy” or “unhealthy”. Asthma control, Lung function and atopy were assessed by Asthma Control Test, Spirometry and InmunoCAP 250 test, respectively. Results Mean age of participants was 13.8 years (SD 2.6). Mean diet score was 5 (SD 1.23; range 2–8). Healthy Diet Score was associated with asthma status [OR 0.83, 95% CI (0.72, 0.95), p  = 0.009] in adjusted analysis. Thus, participants with higher HDS, had lower odds of asthma. In sensitivity analyses, when adjusting for atopy, results did not change significantly. [OR 0.85, 95% CI (0.72, 0.99); p  = 0.04]. No association between the HDS and asthma control, FEV1, nor FeNO were observed. Atopy did not modify the association between diet and asthma outcomes. Conclusions In our study cohort, better diet quality was associated with lower odds of asthma, but was not associated with asthma control. Diet modification may be a potential intervention to impact the increasing prevalence of this disease.

Objective: This paper aims to evaluate the quality of scientific production in family medicine in Mexico and identify gaps in the development of research in this medical discipline. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed original articles, reviews, case reports, and editorials published from Mexico, from the year 2014 to 2023, in the three family medicine journals edited in the country. Several bibliometric indicators were evaluated. Attributes that confer validity in original articles were analyzed, and through random sampling, 10% were selected to determine their quality using checklists. Results: A total of 627 articles were analyzed; among these, 57.89% were original, 19.61% reviews, 17.06% editorials, and 5.42% case reports. Our analysis revealed significant disparities in research activity across regions in Mexico. Productivity, transience, and isolation indices were 2.79, 78.58%, and 54.05%, respectively, while the Price index was 42.74%. A small percentage of articles received funding and followed guidelines for medical research reporting (0.47% and 0.63%, respectively). The analysis of validity attributes in original articles revealed that 92.83% were observational, 88.98% were unicentric, in 47.38%, no sample size calculation was performed or specified, while in 12.12%, sampling was probabilistic. In the evaluation of the original articles, more than 60% showed limitations that compromised their quality. Conclusions: The number of published articles, along with their bibliometric, validity, and quality attributes, reflect significant gaps in the generation and dissemination of knowledge in family medicine in Mexico. This shows a transgenerational problem, identified in many countries, where the advancement of family medicine as a specialty is limited by low research productivity and methodological weaknesses in reporting.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to assess changes in the dimensions of the food system and consumption associated with body weight variations during the first month’s lockdown in Peruvian adults in Metropolitan Lima.MethodsA cross-sectional study conducted during the first months of lockdowns in Peru. 694 adults completed a web-based survey about changes experienced in the process of acquiring food during lockdown, changes in their intake and self-perceived body weight. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with changes in body weight.ResultsWeight gain was perceived in 38% of the participants and 22.8% perceived weight loss. 39.2% did not perceive changes in their weight. Risk factors for body weight gain were increased alcohol consumption (OR=4.510, 95% CI 1.764 to 11.531) and decreased fruit consumption (OR=2.129, 95% CI 1.290 to 3.515), while decreasing cereal intake (OR=0.498, 95% CI 0.269 to 0.922) and choosing nutritious food as a driver for purchase (OR=0.512, 95% CI 0.320 to 0.821) were found to be protective against gaining weight. Decreasing food intake during the pandemic (OR=2.188, 95% CI 1.348 to 3.550) and having to miss important foods (OR=2.354, 95% CI 1.393 to 3.978), were associated with weight loss.ConclusionsDuring confinement, weight gain was mostly associated with food consumption and personal food system factors. Meanwhile, weight loss was associated with external food system factors.

Current demands for more sustainable pest management are driving increased interest in the use biopesticides as a potential tool in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Microbial agents, such as viruses, have been used in a relative narrow range of pest management contexts, and as interest in these tools expands, there is a need for research on interaction of viruses and pests in new crop systems. Tobacco farmers have been facing market rejections due to conventional pesticides residues. In this context virus entomopathogens are a promising alternative. I sought to evaluate the potential of a newer biopesticides containing Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedroviruses (HzNPV) (Heligen™, AgBiTech, LLC, Fort Worth, TX) for use against a key pest of tobacco, Chloridea virescens. First, I evaluated this material in the laboratory by conducting bioassays to assess three field rates on tobacco and soybean on second, third, fourth and fifth instars from two different colonies of C. virescens. Larvae exposed to treated leaves had high mortality rates and ate less than larvae in untreated control with no difference between hosts. With these promising results, we then expanded to field trials which were conducted at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station (UCPRS) in Rocky Mount, NC during 2020 and 2021 and the Lower Coastal Plain Research Station (LCPRS) in Kinston, NC in 2021 to assess timing and frequency of application of NPV (Heligen™) as compared to a grower standard, spinosad, formulated as Blackhawk (Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN). In 2021, we also assessed the addition of a feeding stimulant (Optimol™, AgBiTech, LLC, Fort Worth, TX) to NPV.Results for both years and locations indicated that one application of spinosad applied at the recommended economic threshold maintained infestation of C. virescensbelow the threshold until topping. In contrast, all treatments that included NPV, regardless of frequency or the addition of the feeding stimulant, did not differ from the untreated control.In 2021 at UCPRS, we conducted an artificial infestation experiment to better understand NPV persistence in the field. We placed one second instar larva immediately before application in 15 plants each in NPV, NPV plus feeding stimulant, and control treatments, treated, allowed them to feed overnight, and collected them the next morning. Another larvae was placed in the same plants to feed during the daytime and collected in evening. Larvae were held in the laboratory, and assessed daily for survival until pupation. Results as a proportion of survival showed that larvae that feed during the night following application had less survival that those that fed during the following day, suggesting that NPV persistence in the field.In the laboratory, NPV is efficient in controlling all larval stages of C. virescens regardless of host or colony origin whereas in the field it showed poor control compared to one application of spinosad pre-topping. Our artificial infestation experiment demonstrated that NPV may persist for less than a day under field conditions. Our results indicate that growers might not be willing to incorporate this NPV product in IPM programs for C. virescens.More studies are necessary for a better understanding of NPV use in tobacco in the field.

AbstractBackgroundCovid symptoms reflect its multisystem nature, in addition to its positive relationship between the severity of the condition and the severity of the long COVID. ObjectiveTo identify the factors associated with the prevalence of SEQUELAE DUE TO COVID-19 one year after their hospital discharge due to severe pneumonia. MethodLongitudinal, analytical, prospective and comparative study. 71 covid-19 pneumonia survivors were followed. Two telephone interviews were conducted to each patient; the first at 5 months of discharge and the second at 12 months from the mentioned date. We included questions of 40 symptoms, in addition to the questioning of diabetes mellitus and/or systemic hypertension with a mentioned onset during the hospitalization or after hospital discharge due to COVID-19. ResultsOf the 37 patients without complications and without comorbidities prior to hospitalization, 11 (29.7%) developed arterial hypertension during or after discharge and 17 (45.9%) developed diabetes mellitus before five months. Short-term memory loss was an upward sequel in the two measurements, 24.3% and 41.9% respectively. ConclusionsType 2 diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure detected at five months was temporary and reversed in many cases at twelve months. It will be important to deepen the study of brain damage and cognitive dysfunction, characterized by memory loss.

Introduction The World Health Organization considers that migrants who pass through the Mexico–US walkway suffer high levels of violence, compared to other regions of the world, mainly women. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the types of violence suffered by migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA. Design A cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. A questionnaire of 46 variables was applied, divided into four sections: sociodemographic background, leaving the home, transit, and stay at the border. Questions about different types of direct violence were included. The survey was applied to 612 Mexican and Central American migrants who were in the Chaparral customs office and in five shelters in Tijuana City, on the U.S.–Mexico border. The results were analyzed using descriptive techniques and multivariate analysis of main and inferential components, using the statistical program R. Results The higher vulnerability of Central American migrants compared to Mexicans was documented, specially of women that proportionally were the most negatively affected victims including all types of violence, making it evident that one of each four was violented sexually and among them, only 50% asked for medical assistance. The multivariate analysis determined that the duration of the trip, and the type of transport can generate greater violence. Conclusions The results highlight the greater vulnerability of Central American migrants in their transit through Mexico, mainly women and, likewise, the lack of effective public policies that guarantee the protection of the health, safety, and human rights of migrants.