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"Davis, Don"
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Humility
We review humility, a trait characterized by (a) an ability to accurately acknowledge one’s limitations and abilities and (b) an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented rather than self-focused. We explore two key contexts of humility, intellectual and cultural; explain why humility is important; and identify open questions for future research.
Journal Article
Gratitude to God Predicts Religious Well-Being over Time
The authors used a prospective design to investigate how gratitude to God predicts religious well-being over time. Gratitude to God is a central aspect of monotheistic religions, and thus may be particularly important to the religious/spiritual well-being of believers. Participants completed online measures of trait and state gratitude to God, along with spiritual well-being, nearness to God, and religious commitment scales over a one-to-two-month period. General well-being, trait gratitude, and the Big Five personality traits were also assessed. After controlling baseline levels, trait gratitude and the Big Five personality traits, dispositional gratitude to God at Time 1 predicted increased religious well-being, nearness to God, and religious commitment at Time 2. Although gratitude to God was significantly related to general well-being variables in cross-sectional analyses, it did not predict these variables over time. Validity data for the gratitude to God measures are also presented. The results suggest that gratitude to God is important to religious/spiritual well-being, and gratitude to God may be a critical variable for research on positive psychology and the psychology of religion/spirituality.
Journal Article
Thanks Be to God: Divine Gratitude and Its Relationship to Well-Being
Gratitude is a pivotal concept in the psychology of religion because it is one of the most frequently experienced emotions toward God. The authors developed a trait measure of Gratitude to God (GTG-T) and investigated the association between Gratitude to God and psychological and spiritual well-being in four studies. Study 1 provided evidence for the validity of the GTG-T as Gratitude to God was associated with overall well-being and predicted increases in spiritual well-being over time. Study 2 used a prospective design to show that Gratitude to God predicted increases in general gratitude. In a third study, results showed that Gratitude to God predicted increased grateful emotion and increased confidence in the existence of God over time. In Studies 2 and 3, mediation analyses supported the model that Gratitude to God enhances well-being by promoting generalized gratitude. Study 4 provided further valid evidence for the GTG-T and also showed that gratitude to God is much more strongly related to one’s heartfelt conception of God as loving than to their doctrinal conception of a loving God. Gratitude to God deserves additional scientific scrutiny in the psychology of religion and spirituality than it has received to date.
Journal Article
Cultural Humility: Introduction to the Special Issue
This issue of the Journal of Psychology and Theology focuses on cultural humility. Cultural humility is an important domain of general humility that focuses on cultural differences. In this introduction to the special issue, we first define cultural humility, and briefly share some history for how the construct has developed over time. Then, we present some theory and research that has explored cultural humility in the context of religious, spiritual, and ideological differences and conflict. After sharing some background theory and research on cultural humility, we summarize the subsequent articles in this special issue.
Journal Article
Cultural Humility in Psychotherapy Supervision
As a core component of multicultural orientation, cultural humility can be considered an important attitude for clinical supervisees to adopt and practically implement. How can cultural humility be most meaningfully incorporated in supervision? In what ways can supervisors stimulate
the development of a culturally humble attitude in our supervisees? We consider those questions in this paper and present a model for addressing cultural humility in clinical supervision. The primary focus is given to two areas: (a) modeling and teaching of cultural humility through interpersonal
interactions in supervision, and (b) teaching cultural humility through outside activities and experiences. Two case studies illustrating the model are presented, and a research agenda for work in this area is outlined.
Journal Article
Decisional forgiveness across spanish and american samples: Translation, validation, and measurement invariance of the decision to forgive scale
More than twenty different models of how forgiveness occurs have been proposed within forgiveness literature. One idea highlighted in many of these models was that forgiveness entails, at some point, a decision to forgive the offender. The Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS) is a 5-item measure that allows the assessment of this construct. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the DTFS into Spanish (DTFS-S) and to provide evidence of measurement invariance across Spanish and American samples. The scale was translated using the back-translation process. A total of N = 571 participants completed the final version of the DTFS-S. Confirmatory factor analyses were computed to assess dimensionality, test for measurement invariance across populations, and provide evidence differentiating decisional forgiveness from total forgiveness. Reliability and additional validity analyses were performed. Results indicated a unidimensional structure of the scale. Partial metric invariance was achieved between Spanish and American samples. A 4-factor model demonstrated that DTFS-S is different from the Transgression-Related Inventory of Motivations (TRIM)-18-S (i.e., Spanish version) subscales. The results obtained suggested that scores on the Spanish version of the Decision To Forgive Scale are reliable and correlate with theoretically consistent variables. Researchers should consider the differences between cultures when assessing decisional forgiveness.
Journal Article
Spirituality and Post-Stroke Aphasia Recovery
The role of spirituality in post-stroke aphasia recovery has been ignored despite its potential contribution to positive health outcomes, particularly stroke recovery. The present study examines the spiritual experience of adults with aphasia in an effort to better understand the role of one's spirituality in the aphasia recovery process. Thirteen adults with aphasia completed a modified spirituality questionnaire and participated in semi-structured interviews. All participants considered themselves spiritual and reported improvements in communication during post-stroke recovery. Two themes related to spirituality that emerged from the interviews were (a) a greater power being in control of events and (b) a greater power as helper.
Journal Article
Intellectual Humility: Scale Development and Theoretical Elaborations in the Context of Religious Leadership
This article focused on how perceptions of intellectual humility (IH)—humility regarding one's knowledge or influence over ideas—affect relationships with religious leaders. We developed an informant report measure of IH perceptions using exploratory (Study 1; N = 213) and confirmatory (Study 2; N = 213) factor analyses, as well as a basic manipulation of IH (Study 3; N = 139). Then in Study 4 (N = 105), we examined IH in the context of a major betrayal by a religious leader (i.e., aligning with several factors theorized to strain the practice of IH). The results provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric soundness of the scale, including reliability and content validity of the scores. The scale was able to distinguish between IH and other constructs. Furthermore, the results provide initial evidence that IH is related to social bonds, as perceptions of IH were related to trust and higher forgiveness toward the religious leader, and positive attitudes towards the Sacred.
Journal Article
Unmet need in Sierra Leone: a national oral health survey of schoolchildren
ObjectiveSierra Leone (SL), in West Africa, with a population of over 7.5 million people has suffered the effects of a civil war previously, and more recently Ebola & Covid-19. Dental care is very limited, mostly in the capital Freetown and the private sector. No dental education is available in the country. The objective of this research was to investigate the oral health needs of schoolchildren at key ages, to inform future action.Materials and methodsThis first national oral health survey of schoolchildren at 6-, 12- and 15-years was conducted in urban and rural settings across all four regions using a multi-stage cluster sampling in line with the WHO guidelines, adapted according to contemporary survey methods to include ‘International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)’. Whilst parents were invited to complete a questionnaire for 6-year-old children, 12- and 15-year-olds self-completed a questionnaire. Data were weighted according to age and regional population and analysed using STATA v.15 and SPSS v.22.ResultsA total of 1174 children participated across 22 schools from all four regions. Dental caries was prevalent (over 80% of all age-groups having clinical decay; ICDAS score ≥ 2) and largely untreated. No children had fillings and only 4% had missing teeth. Amongst 6, 12 and 15-year-olds, average decay levels at ICDAS > 3 threshold was 3.47 (primary teeth), 2.94 and 4.30 respectively. Almost, 10% (n = 119) of all children reported experiencing pain in their teeth with 7% (n = 86) children having PUFA lesions present. At least one in five children required one or more dental extractions. ‘Age’ was a significant predictor of dental caries experience and the odds of having dental caries experience was higher in rural areas at D3–6MFT (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings demonstrate a vast unmet oral health need in the children of SL. Using ICDAS as an epidemiological tool in a low-income country provides valuable insight to the pattern of oral disease to inform health service planning. Urgent action is required to address this silent epidemic.
Journal Article