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The utterances produced by people have speech acts, especially in the English teaching learning process. One of them is directive speech acts. The main aim of the study is to ascertain contrastively, in English and Arabic, how directive speech acts are represented in religious discourse and what the underlying syntactic structure. For the purpose of the investigation, the directive speech acts of two sermons, one in English and another in Arabic, were extracted and analyzed. A classification taxonomy, was created in order to categorize the different types of directive speech acts and determine their level of (in) directness depending on Bach and Harnish's types of the directive speech acts (1979), The results show that that directive speech acts have the highest occurrences of frequency in Arabic sermon than that in English sermon, since that Islamic sermons belong to the teachings of the Islamic religion which have to be applied the guidelines literally and without ambiguity. Also, Both Arabic and English selected sermons have the highest rate in the form of directness over indirectness in directive speech acts as the speaker wants to send his/her utterances and expressions clearly and without any confusion.

The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that sermon as a form of religious discourse, and that study is deals with Socio-linguistic angle. The problem is raised in this study, whether the most common lexical linguistic expressions of power and solidarity, presented by Brown and Gilman (1960), are existed in both languages (Arabic and English) of selected sermons, with specifying their rates of frequency occurrences. The current study aims at specifying the widely used of lexical linguistic expressions which indicated the power and the solidarity in these selected sermons [Easter Hope Sermon and بشائر الأمة وآمالها (Omens and hopes of the nation)]. In order to achieve this aim, the following hypotheses must be conducted: 1- Every language has particular language markers of lexical expressions to reflect power and solidarity. The power of lexical linguistic expressions is the most frequency of occurrences in Arabic selected sermon, while the Solidarity of the lexical linguistic expressions is the most frequency of occurrences in English selected sermon. 2- The lexical linguistic expressions are used to maximize or minimize the distance between the addresser and the addressee.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), belong to the group of oxidoreductases that are copper containing enzymes and are responsible for plant browning. PPOs are extensively distributed in plant kingdom and can oxidize wide range of aromatic compounds of industrial importance. The aim of this study was purification and characterization of PPO isoforms from the fruit pulp of Golden delicious apple. High performance liquid chromatography was used to purify the two novel isoforms of PPO and further their molecular weights (45 and 28 kDa) were determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified isoforms have optimum pH (6.5), optimum temperature (40°C), the V max (4.45 μM/min) and K m (74.21 mM) with catechol substrate. The N-terminal microsequences of both PPO isoforms were determined using a pulse liquid protein sequencer and found to be AKITFHG (28 kDa) and APGGG (45 kDa). Polyphenol oxidases are efficiently used in the pharmaceutical, paper and pulp, textiles and food industries. Recently, the PPOs have been used for bioremediation and in the development of biosensors.

Many studies have recently developed real-time sign language recognition system (SLRS)-based DataGlove wearable electronic devices for deaf and dumb to assort hand gestures as having an identical meaning in spoken language. An evaluation and benchmarking of these systems are important towards understanding the most suitable for fulfilling all essential requirements. This process falls under the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem because of different issues, namely, multi-evaluation criteria, criteria importance and data variation. Therefore, the MCDM solution is necessary to solve complex problems. The latest MCDM method called the fuzzy decision by the opinion score method (FDOSM) and its extension are considered the most powerful and suitable methods. However, these methods still suffer from vagueness issues. According to the advantage of Pythagorean fuzzy numbers in solving such issues, this study extended FDOSM into Pythagorean fuzzy set based on the Interactive hybrid arithmetic mean (IHAM) operator (called PFDOSM-IHAM) to evaluate and benchmark effectively the real-time SLRS. The methodology is presented on the basis of the two phases. Firstly, a decision matrix is proposed on the basis of ‘performance evaluation criteria’ and ‘SLRS set’. Secondly, the development of the PFDOSM-IHAM method is provided considering the following two stages: data transformation and processing. The following results are presented. (1) Variations are observed in the individual benchmarking results of real-time SLRS depending on each decision maker. (2) The group benchmarking results indicate that the 29th real-time SLRS was the best, whereas the worst real-time SLRS was attributed to SLRS (6th). (3) In evaluation, the statistical test indicates that the benchmarked systems from PFDOSM-IHAM are undergoing a systematic ranking. (4) Comparative analysis confirmed the efficacy of the proposed PFDOSM-IHAM against of the other well-known MCDM methods running on Pythagorean fuzzy numbers.