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"Day, David"
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Energy costs of salt tolerance in crop plants
Agriculture is expanding into regions that are affected by salinity. This review considers the energetic costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants and provides a framework for a quantitative assessment of costs. Different sources of energy, and modifications of root system architecture that would maximize water vs ion up take are addressed. Energy requirements for transport of salt (NaCl) to leaf vacuoles for osmotic adjustment could be small if there are no substantial leaks back across plasma membrane and tonoplast in root and leaf. The coupling ratio of the H⁺ -ATPase also is a critical component. One proposed leak, that of Na⁺ influx across the plasma membrane through certain aquaporin channels, might be coupled to water flow, thus conserving energy. For the tonoplast, control of two types of cation channels is required for energy efficiency. Transporters controlling the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations in mitochondria and chloroplasts are largely unknown and could be a major energy cost. The complexity of the system will require a sophisticated modelling approach to identify critical transporters, apoplastic barriers and root structures. This modelling approach will inform experimentation and allow a quantitative assess ment of the energy costs of Na Cl tolerance to guide breeding and engineering of molecular components.
Journal Article
Antarctica
\" In this addition to the What Everyone Needs to Knowھ series, David Day examines the most forbidding and formidably inaccessible continent on Earth. For over a century following its discovery by European explorers in 1820, Antarctica played host to competing claims by rival nations vying for access to the frozen land's vast marine resources -- namely the skins and oils of seals and whales. Though the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 was meant to end this contention, countries have found other means of extending control over the land, with scientific bases establishing at least symbolic claims. Exploration and drilling by the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, and others has led to discoveries about the world's climate in centuries past -- and in the process intimations of its alarming future. Delving into all the relevant issues -- the history of the continent, its wildlife, underwater mountain ranges, arguments over governance, and the continent's effect on global climate change -- Day's work sheds new light on a territory that, despite being the coldest, driest, and windiest continent in the world, will continue to be the object of intense speculation and competition. With new evidence that Antarctica's ice is melting three times faster than it was a decade ago, the need to understand the world's southernmost region has never been more pressing. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A comprehensive overview of diffuse correlation spectroscopy: Theoretical framework, recent advances in hardware, analysis, and applications
•We thoroughly derive and compare different layered analytical models used in continuous-wave (CW), time-domain (TD), and frequency-domain (FD)-DCS, highlighting their strengths and applications.•We discuss novel artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced DCS analysis strategies, addressing their effectiveness and potential.•We conclude new applications of CMOS SPAD cameras and compare them with existing sensors used in DCS.•We compare TD-DCS and CW-DCS systems and emphasize the benefits of TD-DCS and its potential for future development.•The authors are leading scientists in DCS and SPAD sensors.•Discussion and outlooks are also provided.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for assessing microvascular hemodynamic in deep tissues. Recent advances in sensors, lasers, and deep learning have further boosted the development of new DCS methods. However, newcomers might feel overwhelmed, not only by the already-complex DCS theoretical framework but also by the broad range of component options and system architectures. To facilitate new entry to this exciting field, we present a comprehensive review of DCS hardware architectures (continuous-wave, frequency-domain, and time-domain) and summarize corresponding theoretical models. Further, we discuss new applications of highly integrated silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors in DCS, compare SPADs with existing sensors, and review other components (lasers, sensors, and correlators), as well as data analysis tools, including deep learning. Potential applications in medical diagnosis are discussed and an outlook for the future directions is provided, to offer effective guidance to embark on DCS research.
Journal Article
The illustrated world of Tolkien. The Second Age
This volume is an in-depth and exquisitely illustrated guide to the Second Age of Middle Earth, one of the least-explored periods of Arda's history. The book gathers together artwork, charts, and fascinating and scholarly writing from renowned Tolkien expert David Day. Exploring the languages, poetry and elements of the heroic ages of Norse, Greek and Roman mythologies that may have influenced Tolkien's writing, it is a reference guide for any fan of Tolkien's work, Tolkien's world and the imaginative brilliance his vision inspired.
BOOK
AtNDB2 Is the Main External NADH Dehydrogenase in Mitochondria and Is Important for Tolerance to Environmental Stress
In addition to the classical electron transport pathway coupled to ATP synthesis, plant mitochondria have an alternative pathway that involves type II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (NDs) and alternative oxidase (AOX). This alternative pathway participates in thermogenesis in select organs of some species and is thought to help prevent cellular damage during exposure to environmental stress. Here, we investigated the function and role of one alternative path component, AtNDB2, using a transgenic approach in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Disruption of AtNDB2 expression via T-DNA insertion led to a 90% decrease of external NADH oxidation in isolated mitochondria. Overexpression of AtNDB2 led to increased AtNDB2 protein abundance in mitochondria but did not enhance external NADH oxidation significantly unless AtAOX1A was concomitantly overexpressed and activated, demonstrating a functional link between these enzymes. Plants lacking either AtAOX1A or AtNDB2 were more sensitive to combined drought and elevated light treatments, whereas plants overexpressing these components showed increased tolerance and capacity for poststress recovery. We conclude that AtNDB2 is the predominant external NADH dehydrogenase in mitochondria and together with AtAOX1A forms a complete, functional, nonphosphorylating pathway of electron transport, whose operation enhances tolerance to environmental stress. This study demonstrates that at least one of the alternative NDs, as well as AOX, are important for the stress response.
Journal Article
Every day : the graphic novel
Every morning A wakes in a different person's body, in a different person's life, learning over the years to never get too attached, until he wakes up in the body of Justin and falls in love with Justin's girlfriend, Rhiannon.
BOOK
Alternative Oxidase Isoforms Are Differentially Activated by Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates
The cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase (AOX) is a non-proton-pumping ubiquinol oxidase that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and is posttranslationally regulated by redox mechanisms and 2-oxo acids. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) possesses five AOX isoforms (AOX1A–AOX1D and AOX2). AOX1D expression is increased in aox1a knockout mutants from Arabidopsis (especially after restriction of the cytochrome c pathway) but cannot compensate for the lack of AOX1A, suggesting a difference in the regulation of these isoforms. Therefore, we analyzed the different AOX isoenzymes with the aim to identify differences in their posttranslational regulation. Seven tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (citrate, isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate) were tested for their influence on AOX1A, AOX1C, and AOX1D wild-type protein activity using a refined in vitro system. AOX1C is insensitive to all seven organic acids, AOX1A and AOX1D are both activated by 2-oxoglutarate, but only AOX1A is additionally activated by oxaloacetate. Furthermore, AOX isoforms cannot be transformed to mimic one another by substituting the variable cysteine residues at position III in the protein. In summary, we show that AOX isoforms from Arabidopsis are differentially fine-regulated by tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites (most likely depending on the amino-terminal region around the highly conserved cysteine residues known to be involved in regulation by the 2-oxo acids pyruvate and glyoxylate) and propose that this is the main reason why they cannot functionally compensate for each other.
Journal Article
Reconsidering Leadership Development: From Programs to Developmental Systems
We argue for reconsidering leadership development based on open systems theory and systems design principles. A primary advantage of open systems thinking is that it encourages holistic approaches to development and avoids episodic program-based training and piecemeal thinking. The latter approaches are both limited and limiting yet tend to be the preferred approach to leadership development in organizations. Open systems approaches to development offer numerous advantages both conceptually and pragmatically, especially through the incorporation of ongoing feedback cycles. Core practices that define a leadership development system are presented and implications are discussed.
Journal Article