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Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is the largest single contributor to eustatic sea level and is amplified by the growth of pigmented algae on the ice surface, which increases solar radiation absorption. This biological albedo-reducing effect and its impact upon sea level rise has not previously been quantified. Here, we combine field spectroscopy with a radiative-transfer model, supervised classification of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite remote-sensing data, and runoff modelling to calculate biologically driven ice surface ablation. We demonstrate that algal growth led to an additional 4.4–6.0 Gt of runoff from bare ice in the south-western sector of the GrIS in summer 2017, representing 10 %–13 % of the total. In localized patches with high biomass accumulation, algae accelerated melting by up to 26.15±3.77 % (standard error, SE). The year 2017 was a high-albedo year, so we also extended our analysis to the particularly low-albedo 2016 melt season. The runoff from the south-western bare-ice zone attributed to algae was much higher in 2016 at 8.8–12.2 Gt, although the proportion of the total runoff contributed by algae was similar at 9 %–13 %. Across a 10 000 km2 area around our field site, algae covered similar proportions of the exposed bare ice zone in both years (57.99 % in 2016 and 58.89 % in 2017), but more of the algal ice was classed as “high biomass” in 2016 (8.35 %) than 2017 (2.54 %). This interannual comparison demonstrates a positive feedback where more widespread, higher-biomass algal blooms are expected to form in high-melt years where the winter snowpack retreats further and earlier, providing a larger area for bloom development and also enhancing the provision of nutrients and liquid water liberated from melting ice. Our analysis confirms the importance of this biological albedo feedback and that its omission from predictive models leads to the systematic underestimation of Greenland's future sea level contribution, especially because both the bare-ice zones available for algal colonization and the length of the biological growth season are set to expand in the future.

Background There are very few reports pertaining to Indian patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). Activating or gain of function mutations of KATP channel genes namely KCNJ11 and ABCC8 are most predominant cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). Objectives To identify the genotype‐phenotype correlation of KATP channel gene defects in a large series of (n = 181) Indian PNDM patients. Methods Direct sequencing of all exons of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes in all 181 patients with PNDM were performed. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. Results We have identified the molecular basis of KATP‐NDM in 39 out of 181 patients (22%). Of these, 20 had KCNJ11 mutations and 19 had ABCC8 mutations, thus comprising 51% of KCNJ11 and 49% of ABCC8. There were four novel mutations (D1128Tfs*16, Y1287C, S1422T, and H1537R) in ABCC8 gene. Three patients with KCNJ11 mutations had developmental delay with DEND syndrome. In patients with ABCC8 mutations developmental delay was seen in seven out of 19 (36.8%). Of this, three patients (15.7%) had DEND phenotype and four (21%) had iDEND. Of the 39 patients, 33 (84%) patients were shifted to sulfonylurea therapy (glibenclamide). Of this, 19(57.5%) patients harbored KCNJ11 mutations and 14(42.1%) ABCC8 mutations. Conclusions This is the first largest study in NDM patients in India demonstrating the importance of KATP channel gene mutation screening in PNDM and efficacy of glibenclamide for Indian patients with KATP‐PNDM. The success rate of transfer is more in patients with KCNJ11 mutations compared with those with ABCC8 mutations.

There are very few reports pertaining to Indian patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). Activating or gain of function mutations of K channel genes namely KCNJ11 and ABCC8 are most predominant cause of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). To identify the genotype-phenotype correlation of K channel gene defects in a large series of (n = 181) Indian PNDM patients. Direct sequencing of all exons of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genes in all 181 patients with PNDM were performed. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. We have identified the molecular basis of K -NDM in 39 out of 181 patients (22%). Of these, 20 had KCNJ11 mutations and 19 had ABCC8 mutations, thus comprising 51% of KCNJ11 and 49% of ABCC8. There were four novel mutations (D1128Tfs*16, Y1287C, S1422T, and H1537R) in ABCC8 gene. Three patients with KCNJ11 mutations had developmental delay with DEND syndrome. In patients with ABCC8 mutations developmental delay was seen in seven out of 19 (36.8%). Of this, three patients (15.7%) had DEND phenotype and four (21%) had iDEND. Of the 39 patients, 33 (84%) patients were shifted to sulfonylurea therapy (glibenclamide). Of this, 19(57.5%) patients harbored KCNJ11 mutations and 14(42.1%) ABCC8 mutations. This is the first largest study in NDM patients in India demonstrating the importance of K channel gene mutation screening in PNDM and efficacy of glibenclamide for Indian patients with K -PNDM. The success rate of transfer is more in patients with KCNJ11 mutations compared with those with ABCC8 mutations.

Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is the largest single contributor to eustatic sea level and is amplified by the growth of pigmented algae on the ice surface, which increases solar radiation absorption. This biological albedo-reducing effect and its impact upon sea level rise has not previously been quantified. Here, we combine field spectroscopy with a radiative-transfer model, supervised classification of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite remote-sensing data, and runoff modelling to calculate biologically driven ice surface ablation. We demonstrate that algal growth led to an additional 4.4–6.0 Gt of runoff from bare ice in the south-western sector of the GrIS in summer 2017, representing 10 %–13 % of the total. In localized patches with high biomass accumulation, algae accelerated melting by up to 26.15±3.77 % (standard error, SE). The year 2017 was a high-albedo year, so we also extended our analysis to the particularly low-albedo 2016 melt season. The runoff from the south-western bare-ice zone attributed to algae was much higher in 2016 at 8.8–12.2 Gt, although the proportion of the total runoff contributed by algae was similar at 9 %–13 %. Across a 10 000 km2 area around our field site, algae covered similar proportions of the exposed bare ice zone in both years (57.99 % in 2016 and 58.89 % in 2017), but more of the algal ice was classed as “high biomass” in 2016 (8.35 %) than 2017 (2.54 %). This interannual comparison demonstrates a positive feedback where more widespread, higher-biomass algal blooms are expected to form in high-melt years where the winter snowpack retreats further and earlier, providing a larger area for bloom development and also enhancing the provision of nutrients and liquid water liberated from melting ice. Our analysis confirms the importance of this biological albedo feedback and that its omission from predictive models leads to the systematic underestimation of Greenland's future sea level contribution, especially because both the bare-ice zones available for algal colonization and the length of the biological growth season are set to expand in the future.

Raising cattle is a lucrative business that operates globally but is confronted by many obstacles, such as thermal stress, which results in substantial monetary losses. A vital role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is to protect cells from cellular damage. HSP90 is a highly prevalent, extremely adaptable gene linked to physiological resilience in thermal stress. This study aimed to find genetic polymorphisms of the HSP90AA1 gene in Karan Fries cattle and explore their relationship to thermal tolerance and production traits. One SNP (g.3292 A > C) was found in the Intron 8 and three SNPs loci (g.4776 A > G, g.5218T > C and g.5224 A > C) were found in the exon 11 of 100 multiparous Karan Fries cattle. The association study demonstrated that the SNP1-g.3292 A > C was significantly (P < 0.01) linked to the variables respiratory rate (RR), heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) and total milk yield (TMY (kg)) attributes. There was no significant correlation identified between any of the other SNP sites (SNP2-g.4776 A > G; SNP3-g.5218T > C; SNP4-g.5224 A > C) with the heat tolerance and production attributes in Karan Fries cattle. Haploview 4.2 and SHEsis software programs were used to analyse pair linkage disequilibrium and construct haplotypes for HSP90AA1. Association studies indicated that the Hap3 (CATA) was beneficial for heat tolerance breeding in Karan Fries cattle. In conclusion, genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes in the HSP90AA1 were associated with thermal endurance attributes. This relationship can be utilized as a beneficial SNP or Hap marker for genetic heat resistance selection in cow breeding platforms.

The quantity and quality of oilseed production in rapeseed mustard are severely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these, the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe cruciferarum causes powdery mildew (PM) infection in Indian mustard cultivars, potentially reducing yield by up to 50% across affected regions in India. Considering recent developments in molecular plant pathology and their impact on sustainable management of challenging plant pathogens, this article reviews the current scenario for resistance and its mechanism to E. cruciferarum in Brassica cultivars. It also covers the complex molecular signaling pathways for resistance that are regulated by phytohormones along with differential gene expression, and effectors proteins in Brassica spp. The recent advancements in genomics have contributed to identification of resistance/susceptibility genes as well as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in PM resistance. Furthermore, this review unfolds a comprehensive understanding of the genetic as well as genomic basis of resistance that can provide the valuable insights for breeding programs focused on developing PM-resistant rapeseed-mustard varieties. This review aims to provide the background on recent discoveries and future strategies on identification of resistance genes, aiding in the development of more resilient rapeseed-mustard crops and leading to significant improvements in crop protection and yield stability.

Aging is a natural biological process characterized by the gradual decline of physiological functions, leading to an increased risk of chronic diseases and heightened susceptibility to mortality. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of natural products in modifying aging‐related cellular processes, including OS, inflammation, and senescence. Since ancient times, herbal treatments have been utilized extensively throughout civilizations. Their ability to treat age‐related illnesses has been well documented, and they have significantly impacted research on aging. We investigate the cellular mechanisms of action of substances such as rapamycin, resveratrol, and its derivatives, including their functions in controlling important signaling pathways and reducing oxidative damage. This review thoroughly explains the underlying mechanisms of aging‐related illnesses and how natural chemicals may be used as valuable scaffolds for developing new drugs. The current manuscript highlights the potential of natural ingredients as treatments for aging management and better therapeutic results in the future.

Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from both natural and man-made systems contribute to climate change. In addition to reducing the use of crude petroleum’s derived fuels, and increasing tree-planting efforts and sustainable practices, air pollution can be minimized through phytoremediation. Bio-fuel from crops grown on marginal land can sustainably address climate change, global warming, and geopolitical issues. There are numerous methods for producing renewable energy from both organic and inorganic environmental resources (sunlight, air, water, tides, waves, and convective energy), and numerous technologies for doing the same with biomass with different properties and derived from different sources (food industry, agriculture, forestry). However, the production of bio-fuels is challenging and contentious in many parts of the world since it competes for soil with the growth of crops and may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use wildlife management techniques to provide sustainable bio-energy while maintaining or even improving essential ecosystem processes. The second generation of bio-fuels is viewed as a solution to the serious issue. Agricultural lignocellulosic waste is the primary source of second-generation bio-fuel, possibly the bio-fuel of the future. Sustainable practices to grow biomass, followed by their holistic conversion into ethanol with desired yield and productivity, are the key concerns for employing renewable energy mix successfully. In this paper, we analyze the various types of bio-fuels, their sources, and their production and impact on sustainability.

To explore the natural microbial community of any ecosystems by high-resolution molecular approaches including next generation sequencing, it is extremely important to develop a sensitive and reproducible DNA extraction method that facilitate isolation of microbial DNA of sufficient purity and quantity from culturable and uncultured microbial species living in that environment. Proper lysis of heterogeneous community microbial cells without damaging their genomes is a major challenge. In this study, we have developed an improved method for extraction of community DNA from different environmental and human origin samples. We introduced a combination of physical, chemical and mechanical lysis methods for proper lysis of microbial inhabitants. The community microbial DNA was precipitated by using salt and organic solvent. Both the quality and quantity of isolated DNA was compared with the existing methodologies and the supremacy of our method was confirmed. Maximum recovery of genomic DNA in the absence of substantial amount of impurities made the method convenient for nucleic acid extraction. The nucleic acids obtained using this method are suitable for different downstream applications. This improved method has been named as the THSTI method to depict the Institute where the method was developed.