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La presente investigación tiene por objeto analizar la incursión de la radio educativa en España a través de la revista Vida Escolar desde 1958 hasta 1984. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realiza una radiografía histórica, sistematizando en etapas la revista Vida Escolar y reseñando para cada una de ellas su evolución ideológica. Posteriormente, se examina, a través de la citada fuente, la incardinación de los medios audiovisuales como recurso pedagógico, para finalmente investigar la inserción, función y posibilidades de la radio educativa como recurso de la “nueva pedagogía”. A pesar de las incertidumbres iniciales y las carencias de recursos y espacios, la perdurabilidad frente a otros medios, su instrumentalización como elemento formativo, su versatilidad en contenidos, la evolución metodológica donde el alumno va adquiriendo protagonismo, o su parcial instrumentalización ideológica son característica que definen la radio educativa. Se ofrece finalmente un anexo con las contribuciones sobre la radio educativa en Vida Escolar.

Las bibliotecas y la educación han estado en contacto desde siempre. La extensión de la educación básica, universal y gratuita, en España, cuando se promulgó la Ley de Instrucción Pública en 1857, conocida como Ley Moyano, marcó el inicio del intento de institucionalizar esta relación, llevándose a cabo varios proyectos para utilizar la biblioteca como instrumento pedagógico en la enseñanza no universitaria española. Estas paginas se centran en el periodo desde la ley de 1857 hasta la Guerra Civil española, que consideramos como el periodo inicial de esta proceso. Se analizan las distintas disposiciones legales, acciones pedagógicas y las ideas desarrolladas por aquellos bibliotecarios y pedagogos que pusieron en contacto a las bibliotecas con la educación básica y que fueron el precedente de las bibliotecas actuales.

Libraries and education have always gone hand in hand. The spread of free basic universal education in Spain, which the \"Ley de Instrucción Pública\" (Public Instruction Law) of 1857, also know as The Moyano Law, permitted masked the beginning of attempts to instutionalise the relaionship between libraries and education, through the use of projects which utilised the library as a pedagogic instrument in the teaching of non-university level Spanish students. These pages will focus of on the period from the enactmen of the 1857 law until the Spanish Civil War. It will analyse the different laws, pedagogical studies and ideas developed by those libraries and educators who linked libraries with basic education and in doing so were the predecessor of school libriaries. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of bacteria isolated from Spanish children with suspected chronic lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) for whom bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was indicated. BAL fluid (BALF) was collected from 191 children (aged ≥ 6 months to < 6 years, with persistent or recurrent respiratory symptoms, non-responders to usual treatment) and cultured. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) were also obtained and cultured to assess concordance of BALF and NPS findings in the same patient. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis were identified from BALF with a bacterial load indicative of infection (> 104 colony-forming units/mL) in 10.5, 8.9, and 6.3% of children, respectively. Clinical characteristics were similar among participants, regardless of positivity status for any of the bacteria. Approximately 26% of pneumococcal isolates were PCV13 serotypes, and 96% of H. influenzae isolates were non-typeable (NTHi). Concordance between BALF and NPS isolates was 51.0% for S. pneumoniae, 52.1% for H. influenzae, and 22.0% for M. catarrhalis.Conclusion: S. pneumoniae, NTHi, and M. catarrhalis were the main bacteria detected in BALF and NPS. Children with suspected chronic LRTI may benefit from a vaccine protecting against NTHi.What is Known:• Chronic lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children can cause high morbidity and is a major use of healthcare resources worldwide. Despite this, their etiology or potential preventive measures are poorly assessed.• Bronchoalveolar lavage can be used to determine bacterial etiology of chronic LRTI.What is New:• We used conventional and molecular techniques to show that Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were present in the LRT of Spanish children with suspected chronic LRTI• Concordance between isolates from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and nasopharyngeal swabs was low, suggesting that samples from the upper respiratory tract could not reliably predict the bacterial etiology of suspected chronic LRTI

Aim: Over the last decades, the study of movement through tracking data has grown exceeding the expectations of movement ecologists. This has posed new challenges, specifically when using individual tracking data to infer higher-level distributions (e.g. population and species). Sources of variability such as individual site fidelity (ISF), environmental stochasticity over time, and space-use variability across species ranges must be considered, and their effects identified and corrected, to produce accurate estimates of spatial distribution using tracking data. Innovation: We developed R functions to detect the effect of these sources of variability in the distribution of animal groups when inferred from individual tracking data. These procedures can be adapted for their use in most tracking datasets and tracking techniques. We demonstrated our procedures with simulated datasets and showed their applicability on a real-world dataset containing 1346 year-round migratory trips from 805 individuals of three closely related seabird species breeding in 34 colonies in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, spanning 10 years. We detected an effect of ISF in one of the colonies, but no effect of the environmental stochasticity on the distribution of birds for any of the species. We also identified among-colony variability in nonbreeding space use for one species, with significant effects of population size and longitude. Main conclusions: This work provides a useful, much-needed tool for researchers using animal tracking data to model species distributions or establish conservation measures. This methodology may be applied in studies using individual tracking data to accurately infer the distribution of a population or species and support the delineation of important areas for conservation based on tracking data. This step, designed to precede any analysis, has become increasingly relevant with the proliferation of studies using large tracking datasets that has accompanied the globalization process in science driving collaborations and tracking data sharing initiatives.

The consumption of probiotics has been associated with a wide range of health benefits for consumers. Products containing probiotics need to have effective delivery of the microorganisms for their consumption to translate into benefits to the consumer. In the last few years, the microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms has gained interest as a method to improve the delivery of probiotics in the host as well as extending the shelf life of probiotic-containing products. The microencapsulation of probiotics presents several aspects to be considered, such as the type of probiotic microorganisms, the methods of encapsulation, and the coating materials. The aim of this review is to present an updated overview of the most recent and common coating materials used for the microencapsulation of probiotics, as well as the involved techniques and the results of research studies, providing a useful knowledge basis to identify challenges, opportunities, and future trends around coating materials involved in the probiotic microencapsulation.

Photovoltaic systems for pumping water, based on direct current powered motor pumps, have great application in small rural regions without electrical networks. In addition, these systems provide environmental benefits by replacing fossil fuels. However, these systems reduce their performance due to partial shading, which is magnified by the internal mismatch of the PV modules. This work proposes an intelligent, low-cost, and automatic method to mitigate these effects through the electrical reconfiguration of the PV array. Unlike other reported techniques, this method considers the pump head variations. For that, the global voltage and current supplied by the PV array to the motor pump subsystem are introduced to an artificial neural network and to a third-order equation, which locates the shaded PV module and detects the pump head, respectively. A connection control implements the optimal electrical rearrangement. The selection is based on the identified partial shading pattern and pump head. Finally, the switching matrix modifies the electrical connections between the PV modules on the PV array without changing the interconnection scheme, PV array dimension, or physical location of the PVMs. The proposed approach was implemented in a real PV water pumping system. Low-cost and commercial electronic devices were used. The experimental results show that the output power of the PV array increased by 8.43%, which maintains a more stable level of water extraction and, therefore, a constant flow level.

Manganese peroxidases (MnP) from the white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium catalyse the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+, a strong oxidizer able to oxidize a wide variety of organic compounds. Different approaches have been used to unravel the enzymatic properties and potential applications of MnP. However, these efforts have been hampered by the limited production of native MnP by fungi. Heterologous expression of MnP has been achieved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems, although with limited production and many disadvantages in the process. Here we described a novel molecular approach for the expression and purification of manganese peroxidase isoform 1 (MnP1) from P. chrysosporium using an E. coli-expression system. The proposed strategy involved the codon optimization and chemical synthesis of the MnP1 gene for optimised expression in the E. coli T7 shuffle host. Recombinant MnP1 (rMnP1) was expressed as a fusion protein, which was recovered from solubilised inclusion bodies. rMnP1 was purified from the fusion protein using intein-based protein purification techniques and a one-step affinity chromatography. The designated strategy allowed production of an active enzyme able to oxidize guaiacol or Mn2+.

Increasing the yield potential of cultivars can contribute to solving the problems of climate change and the increase in world population. The objectives of this study were to study the variation of 60 wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and to estimate the genetic progress in agronomic characters of varieties released in Mexico in the period from 1966 to 2015. The hypothesis was that the increases in yield of the genotypes are the result of the increase in the number of grains per surface unit and biomass. The study was established in six experimental stations of the National Institute of Agricultural Forestry and Livestock Research in the states of Guanajuato, Sonora, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Baja California, Mexico. Phenology, yield, and its components were measured. The treatment design was alpha lattice with two replications. The location and genotype that showed the highest yield ( P ≤ 0.01) were Baja California and COLIBRI/MONARCA, with 7309 and 5966 kg·ha −1 . The average genetic gain in yield was 23.8 kg·ha −1 ·year −1 . The grain weight increase rate was 0.21 g per year. During the period, there was no genetic progress in plant height, heading days, harvest index, grains per square meter, and ears per square meter. The increases in yield of the recent lines are due to increases in ears per square meter, grains per square meter, and biomass.