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ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the evolution of clinical indicators that characterize airway permeability in patients in the postoperative period of thoracoabdominal surgeries and to analyze their relationship with the occurrence of the diagnosis “ineffective airway clearance”. Methods: descriptive, quantitative, longitudinal research with 60 patients who were followed for five consecutive days. Eleven indicators of the nursing outcome “respiratory status: airway permeability” were used. Results: on the first day of evaluation, the most compromised indicators were: respiratory rate, cough, depth of breath and use of accessory muscles. During follow-up, most of the indicators presented a slight deviation from normal variation and, in the last evaluation, there was a predominance of indicators with some degree of impairment. Conclusions: with the aid of the Nursing Outcomes Classification, it was observed that patients submitted to thoracoabdominal surgeries may present compromised airway permeability even days after surgery. RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a evolução dos indicadores clínicos que caracterizam a permeabilidade das vias aéreas em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgias toracoabdominais e analisar sua relação com a ocorrência do diagnóstico “desobstrução ineficaz das vias aéreas”. Métodos: pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, longitudinal realizada com 60 pacientes que foram acompanhados por cinco dias consecutivos. Foram utilizados 11 indicadores do resultado de enfermagem “estado respiratório: permeabilidade das vias aéreas”. Resultados: no primeiro dia de avaliação os indicadores mais comprometidos foram: frequência respiratória, tosse, profundidade da respiração e uso de músculos acessórios. Durante o acompanhamento, verificou-se que a maior parte dos indicadores apresentou desvio leve da variação normal e, na última avaliação, houve predomínio de indicadores com algum grau de comprometimento. Conclusões: com auxílio da Classificação dos resultados de enfermagem, observou-se que pacientes submetidos a cirurgias toracoabdominais podem apresentar comprometimento da permeabilidade das vias aéreas mesmo após dias da realização do procedimento cirúrgico. RESUMEN Objetivos: valorar la evolución de los indicadores clínicos que caracterizan la permeabilidad de las vías aéreas en pacientes en el posoperatorio de cirugías toracoabdominales y evaluar su relación con la ocurrencia del diagnóstico “desobstrucción ineficaz de las vías aéreas”. Métodos: investigación descriptiva, cuantitativa, longitudinal en la cual participaron 60 pacientes que recibieron seguimiento por cinco días. Se utilizaron 11 indicadores del resultado de enfermería “estado respiratorio: permeabilidad de las vías aéreas”. Resultados: en el primer día de evaluación, los indicadores más comprometidos fueron: frecuencia respiratoria, tos, profundidad de la respiración y utilización de músculos accesorios. Durante el seguimiento, se verificó que la mayor parte de los indicadores presentó una leve desviación de la variación normal y, en la última evaluación, hubo un predominio de indicadores con algún grado de comprometimiento. Conclusiones: con la ayuda de la Clasificación de los resultados de enfermería, se observó que los pacientes sometidos a cirugías toracoabdominales pueden presentar comprometimiento de la permeabilidad de las vías aéreas incluso después de algunos días de realizar el procedimiento quirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in Imperatriz, Maranhão. Methods: epidemiological temporal-series study, conducted in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality. The population consisted of Tuberculosis cases with Diabetes Mellitus-associated aggravation notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between 2009 and 2018. We determined the prevalence and trend of comorbidity using Prais-Winsten regressions and to identify associated factors employed Poisson regression. Results: prevalence ranged from 3.23% in 2014 to 19.51% in 2018, with a mean of 11.5% for the period, showing an increasing trend. Age groups 30 to 59 years and ≥ 60 years, education < 8 years, and clinical form of pulmonary Tuberculosis were risk factors for comorbidity. Conclusions: The increasing trend of comorbidity and its associated factors alert us to the need to improve customer service at all levels of health care. RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar tendencia y factores relacionados a la comorbilidad tuberculosis diabetes mellitus en Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico de series temporales, realizado en municipio del Nordeste brasileño. La población constituida por casos de tuberculosis con agravio relacionado a diabetes mellitus notificados en Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación entre 2009 y 2018. Determinó la prevalencia y tendencia de la comorbilidad utilizando regresiones de Prais-Winsten. para identificar los factores relacionados empleó regresión de Poisson. Resultados: la prevalencia varió de 3,23% en 2014 para 19,51% en 2018, con mediana de 11,5% para el período, presentando tendencia creciente. Rango etario de 30 a 59 años y ≥ 60 años, escolaridad < 8 años y forma clínica de la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron factores de riesgo para la comorbilidad. Conclusiones: la tendencia creciente de la comorbilidad y sus factores relacionados alertan para la necesidad de perfeccionamiento de la atención en los niveles de atención de salud. RESUMO Objetivos: identificar a tendência e os fatores associados à comorbidade tuberculose-diabetes mellitus em Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico de séries temporais, realizado em um município do Nordeste brasileiro. A população foi constituída pelos casos de tuberculose com agravo associado ao diabetes mellitus notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2009 e 2018. Determinou-se a prevalência e tendência da comorbidade utilizando regressões de Prais Winsten. Para identificar os fatores associados, empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência variou de 3,23% em 2014 para 19,51% em 2018, com média de 11,5% para o período, apresentando tendência crescente. As faixas etárias de 30 a 59 anos e ≥ 60 anos, escolaridade < 8 anos e forma clínica da tuberculose pulmonar foram fatores de risco para a comorbidade. Conclusões: a tendência crescente da comorbidade e seus fatores associados alertam para a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do atendimento nos níveis de atenção à saúde.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of leprosy in a priority municipality for leprosy control. Methods: ecological study, conducted in a city in the Northeast of Brazil, whose analysis units were census sectors. The study used compulsory notification data for cases registered between 2008 and 2017. TerraView software and the Batch Geocode tool was used for geocoding. The detection of spatial-temporal agglomerations of high relative risks was done by scanning statistics. Results: the spatial-temporal distribution of cases was heterogeneous, creating four agglomerations of high relative risks in the urban area of the municipality between the years 2008 and 2012; and annual prevalence rates classified from high to hyperendemic. Conclusions: areas of higher risk and concentration of the disease in space-time were linked to the characteristics of high population density and social vulnerability of these spaces, raising the prioritization of health professionals’ actions, systems, and services for control, and monitoring the disease. RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da hanseníase em município prioritário para controle da doença. Métodos: estudo ecológico, realizado em município do Nordeste brasileiro, cujas unidades de análise foram setores censitários. Utilizaram-se dados de notificação compulsória relativos aos casos registrados entre 2008 e 2017. Para geocodificação, utilizaram-se o software TerraView e a ferramenta Batch Geocode. A detecção de aglomerados espaço-temporais de altos riscos relativos foi feita por estatística de varredura. Resultados: a distribuição espaço-temporal dos casos foi heterogênea, com formação de quatro aglomerados de altos riscos relativos na zona urbana do município entre os anos de 2008 e 2012; e taxas de prevalência-ano classificadas de altas a hiperendêmicas. Conclusões: áreas de maior risco e concentração da doença no espaço-tempo estiveram atreladas às características de alta densidade demográfica e de vulnerabilidade social desses espaços, suscitando a priorização de ações dos profissionais, sistemas e serviços de saúde para controle e vigilância da doença. RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar distribución espacio-temporal de lepra en municipio prioritario para control de la enfermedad. Métodos: estudio ecológico, realizado en municipio brasileño, cuyas unidades de análisis fueron sectores censuales. Utilizaron datos de notificación obligatoria relativos a casos registrados entre 2008 y 2017. Para geocodificación, utilizaron el software TerraView y herramienta Batch Geocode. Detección de aglomerados espacio-temporales de altos riesgos relativos realizada por estadística de barredura. Resultados: distribución espacio-temporal de los casos fue heterogénea, con formación de cuatro aglomerados de altos riesgos relativos en la zona urbana del municipio entre 2008 y 2012; y tasas de prevalencia año clasificadas de altas a hiperendémicas. Conclusiones: áreas de mayor riesgo y concentración de la enfermedad en el espacio-tiempo estuvieron relacionadas a las características de alta densidad demográfica y de vulnerabilidad social de esos espacios, suscitando la priorización de acciones de los profesionales, sistemas y servicios de salud para control y vigilancia de la enfermedad.

Introduction: There is a need to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 so that managers and decision-makers can implement strategies to mitigate and control the severe forms of the disease. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study with patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who died from March 2020 to January 2022. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and death. The odds ratios were expressed using a 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 386,567 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the period, of which 10,986 died. Risk factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 were male sex, age over 30 years, positive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result, positive CT scan, and having one or more associated comorbidities. The three comorbidities linked to the highest propensity to die were diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, and obesity. Conclusions: The study findings support the implementation of strategic actions by health care and surveillance professionals and managers towards reducing the incidence of the risk factors for mortality by COVID-19 in Maranhão.

Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and the spatial autocorrelation of COVID-19 in the state of Maranhão. Method: This is a descriptive and ecological study using the municipalities of the state as ecological units of analysis. All new cases of COVID-19, registered between March 2020 and January 2022 in the COVID-19 Notification System in Maranhão were considered for the study. The clinical-epidemiological variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Age-standardized incidence rates were determined by State municipalities and spatial autocorrelation was verified using global and local Moran indices. Results: A total of 386,567 cases were registered; the majority were female, mixed race/color, aged between 30 and 39 years, with laboratory diagnosis criteria, performed in a public laboratory, without comorbidity and that did not evolve to death. A positive spatial autocorrelation of the incidence rates in the first and second wave of the disease was observed, with statistically significant high-risk clusters being identified, mainly in the central-southern region of the State. Conclusion: Such findings can help health management, systems and services in the implementation of measures aimed at mitigating and controlling the disease, subsidizing the reduction of health disparities and social inequalities in the State of Maranhão. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas e a autocorrelação espacial da COVID-19 no estado do Maranhão. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e ecológico, tendo como unidades ecológicas de análise os municípios do estado. Foram considerados todos os casos novos de COVID-19, registrados entre março de 2020 e janeiro de 2022, junto ao Sistema de Notificação da COVID-19 do Maranhão. As variáveis clínico-epidemiológicas foram analisadas por meio da estatística descritiva. Determinaram-se as taxas de incidência padronizadas pela idade por municípios do estado e a autocorrelação espacial foi verificada por meio dos índices de Moran global e local. Resultados: Foram registrados 386.567 casos, dos quais a maioria era do sexo feminino, raça/cor parda, idade de 30 a 39 anos, com critério de diagnóstico laboratorial, realizado em laboratório público, sem comorbidade e que não evoluíram para óbito. Observou-se autocorrelação espacial positiva das taxas de incidência na primeira e segunda onda da doença, sendo identificados clusters de alto risco, estatisticamente significantes, principalmente na região centro-sul do estado. Conclusão: Tais achados podem auxiliar a gestão, os sistemas e os serviços de saúde na implementação de medidas direcionadas à mitigação e ao controle da doença, subsidiando a redução de disparidades de saúde e desigualdades sociais no estado do Maranhão.

Introduction: Epidemiological investigations on tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity using spatial analysis should be encouraged towards a more comprehensive view of the health of individuals affected by such comorbidity in different contexts. This study analyzes the territories vulnerable to tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity in a municipality in northeastern Brazil using spatial analysis techniques. Methods: An ecological study was carried out in Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. Tuberculosis-diabetes cases reported in the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed. Kernel density estimation and spatial scanning techniques were used to identify the areas with the greatest occurrence of spatial clusters. Results: A heterogeneous spatial distribution was found, ranging from 0.00 to 4.12 cases/km2. The spatial scanning analysis revealed three high-risk spatial clusters with statistical significance (p < 0.05), involving eleven strictly urban sectors with a relative risk of 4.00 (95% CI: 2.60–6.80), 5.10 (95% CI: 2.75–7.30), and 6.10 (95% CI: 3.21–8.92), indicating that the population living in these areas had a high risk of tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity. Conclusions: The highest concentration of cases/km2, as well as risk clusters, were found in areas with high circulation of people and socio-economic and environmental vulnerabilities. Such findings reinforce the need for public health interventions to reduce social inequalities.

Introduction: There is little practical guidance about suitable food choices for higher natural protein tolerances in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). This is particularly important to consider with the introduction of adjunct pharmaceutical treatments that may improve protein tolerance. Aim: To develop a set of guidelines for the introduction of higher protein foods into the diets of patients with PKU who tolerate >10 g/day of protein. Methods: In January 2022, a 26-item food group questionnaire, listing a range of foods containing protein from 5 to >20 g/100 g, was sent to all British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) dietitians (n = 80; 26 Inherited Metabolic Disease [IMD] centres). They were asked to consider within their IMD dietetic team when they would recommend introducing each of the 26 protein-containing food groups into a patient’s diet who tolerated >10 g to 60 g/day of protein. The patient protein tolerance for each food group that received the majority vote from IMD dietetic teams was chosen as its tolerance threshold for introduction. A virtual meeting was held using Delphi methodology in March 2022 to discuss and agree final consensus. Results: Responses were received from dietitians from 22/26 IMD centres (85%) (11 paediatric, 11 adult). For patients tolerating protein ≥15 g/day, the following foods were agreed for inclusion: gluten-free pastas, gluten-free flours, regular bread, cheese spreads, soft cheese, and lentils in brine; for protein tolerance ≥20 g/day: nuts, hard cheeses, regular flours, meat/fish, and plant-based alternative products (containing 5–10 g/100 g protein), regular pasta, seeds, eggs, dried legumes, and yeast extract spreads were added; for protein tolerance ≥30 g/day: meat/fish and plant-based alternative products (containing >10–20 g/100 g protein) were added; and for protein tolerance ≥40 g/day: meat/fish and plant-based alternatives (containing >20 g/100 g protein) were added. Conclusion: This UK consensus by IMD dietitians from 22 UK centres describes for the first time the suitability and allocation of higher protein foods according to individual patient protein tolerance. It provides valuable guidance for health professionals to enable them to standardize practice and give rational advice to patients.

Funding Information: No funding was required for this project. All work was conducted as part of routine service by all dietitians involved. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Introduction: There is little practical guidance about suitable food choices for higher natural protein tolerances in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). This is particularly important to consider with the introduction of adjunct pharmaceutical treatments that may improve protein tolerance. Aim: To develop a set of guidelines for the introduction of higher protein foods into the diets of patients with PKU who tolerate >10 g/day of protein. Methods: In January 2022, a 26-item food group questionnaire, listing a range of foods containing protein from 5 to >20 g/100 g, was sent to all British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) dietitians (n = 80; 26 Inherited Metabolic Disease [IMD] centres). They were asked to consider within their IMD dietetic team when they would recommend introducing each of the 26 protein-containing food groups into a patient’s diet who tolerated >10 g to 60 g/day of protein. The patient protein tolerance for each food group that received the majority vote from IMD dietetic teams was chosen as its tolerance threshold for introduction. A virtual meeting was held using Delphi methodology in March 2022 to discuss and agree final consensus. Results: Responses were received from dietitians from 22/26 IMD centres (85%) (11 paediatric, 11 adult). For patients tolerating protein ≥15 g/day, the following foods were agreed for inclusion: gluten-free pastas, gluten-free flours, regular bread, cheese spreads, soft cheese, and lentils in brine; for protein tolerance ≥20 g/day: nuts, hard cheeses, regular flours, meat/fish, and plant-based alternative products (containing 5–10 g/100 g protein), regular pasta, seeds, eggs, dried legumes, and yeast extract spreads were added; for protein tolerance ≥30 g/day: meat/fish and plant-based alternative products (containing >10–20 g/100 g protein) were added; and for protein tolerance ≥40 g/day: meat/fish and plant-based alternatives (containing >20 g/100 g protein) were added. Conclusion: This UK consensus by IMD dietitians from 22 UK centres describes for the first time the suitability and allocation of higher protein foods according to individual patient protein tolerance. It provides valuable guidance for health professionals to enable them to standardize practice and give rational advice to patients.

The geoepidemiologic analysis of Covid-19 is crucial to support the implementation of health interventions for vulnerable populations and areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the incidence trend and the spatio-temporal distribution of Covid-19 among health care workers in a state in Northeastern Brazil. This was a geoepidemiologic and time-series study, using records of new cases of Covid-19 among nursing professionals in Maranhão, Brazil. The incidence trend was determined by Prais-Winsten regression. Incidence coefficients were spatially distributed within an analysis area, and a scanning technique was used to detect spatiotemporal clusters. A total of 2,116 Covid-19 cases were recorded, with an incidence peak in May 2020 across all occupational categories and a decreasing trend observed during the study period. The spatial distribution was heterogeneous, ranging from 0.0 to 21.2 cases per 1,000 professionals. In addition, spatio-temporal analysis revealed three statistically significant high-risk clusters in the southwest/northwest, north and east of Maranhão between May and October 2020 (p<0.05). The decreasing trend and spatio-temporal clusters of Covid-19 among nursing professionals detected in different locations of the state provide support for addressing health emergencies affecting this group. A análise geoepidemiológica da Covid-19 é importante porque apoia a implementação de intervenções de saúde para populações e territórios vulneráveis. O objetivo foi analisar a tendência da incidência e distribuição espaço-temporal da Covid-19 em profissionais de enfermagem de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo geoepidemiológico e de séries temporais, utilizando registros de casos novos de Covid-19 em profissionais de enfermagem no Maranhão. A tendência da incidência foi determinada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten. Os coeficientes de incidência foram distribuídos espacialmente em uma área de análise, e uma técnica de varredura foi usada para detectar aglomerados espaço-temporais. Foram registrados 2.116 casos de Covid-19, pico de incidência em maio de 2020 em todas as categorias profissionais, sendo observada tendência decrescente de incidência no período estudado. A distribuição espacial foi heterogênea, variando de 0,00 a 21,20 casos/1.000 profissionais. Ademais, a análise espaço-temporal revelou três clusters de alto risco estatisticamente significativos no sudoeste/noroeste, norte e leste do Maranhão, entre maio e outubro de 2020 (p<0,05). A tendência decrescente e os aglomerados espaço-temporais da Covid-19 em profissionais de enfermagem detectados em diferentes localidades do estado constituem suporte para o enfrentamento das emergências de saúde que atingem a categoria.

Introduction: The objective was to analyze the prevalence trend, spatial distribution, and TB-HIV co-infection-associated factors in an endemic scenario for TB in Northeastern Brazil.  Methods: An ecological and temporal series study was conducted based on secondary data obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between January 2008 and December 2019. The prevalence rates were determined for each year and the average for the period. Prais-Winsten regressions were used for temporal variation analysis, scanning techniques were used to detect spatial clusters, and the Poisson regression model was used to explore the factors associated with the outcome. Results: A total of 947 TB cases were reported, of which 501 (52.9%) underwent HIV testing, and of these, 73 were positive. The average prevalence was 20.0%, ranging from 1.5% in 2018 to 44.4% in 2009. A decreasing trend was found. Sixty-seven cases (92%) were geocoded, and two statistically significant (p < 0.005) high relative risk (RR) spatial clusters were detected. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) between the co-infection and variables such as male gender, living in the urban area, entry due to relapse, and case closure due to loss to follow-up were evidenced, and these variables constituted risk factors. Conclusions: A decreasing prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection has been found, as well as a heterogeneous spatial distribution with the formation of spatial clusters in urban areas characterized by socio-spatial inequalities associated with clinical-epidemiological factors. Such findings provide subsidies for rethinking health care activities and improving public policies for vulnerable populations.