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Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.

A bstract We study four-point functions of scalars, conserved currents, and stress tensors in a conformal field theory, generated by a local contact term in the bulk dual description, in two different causal configurations. The first of these is the standard Regge configuration in which the chaos bound applies. The second is the ‘causally scattering configuration’ in which the correlator develops a bulk point singularity. We find an expression for the coefficient of the bulk point singularity in terms of the bulk S matrix of the bulk dual metric, gauge fields and scalars, and use it to determine the Regge scaling of the correlator on the causally scattering sheet in terms of the Regge growth of this S matrix. We then demonstrate that the Regge scaling on this sheet is governed by the same power as in the standard Regge configuration, and so is constrained by the chaos bound, which turns out to be violated unless the bulk flat space S matrix grows no faster than s 2 in the Regge limit. It follows that in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, the chaos bound applied to the boundary field theory implies that the S matrices of the dual bulk scalars, gauge fields, and gravitons obey the Classical Regge Growth (CRG) conjecture.

For the past 14 years, I have been engaged in various projects and programs serving immigrants and refugees in Colorado. This essay describes how I employ my training in folklore and use cultural conversations and ethnographic interview methods to understand the life stories of immigrants and refugees. As my clients and I collaborate to create a plan for upskilling, we engage in discussions to learn about their everyday struggles of living in multiple worlds. These cultural conversations deepen our rapport, which helps my clients achieve their professional goals and also helps me develop and refine strategies for effective cultural education and advocacy practices.

India's ambitious vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 coinciding with 100 years of independence hinges critically on the pillars of education and skill development. The transformation into a self-reliant, globally competitive, and inclusive nation requires an agile and robust human capital base equipped with both foundational knowledge and practical expertise. This paper explores the strategic role of education and skill development in realizing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. It analyzes key policy reforms such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, integration of technology in learning, and the emphasis on value-based and inclusive education. It further examines skill development strategies including vocational training, upskilling, entrepreneurship promotion, and inclusive outreach initiatives to ensure equitable access. Investigating how education and skill development systems can be optimized to address evolving economic and technological demands, this paper offers actionable insights to strengthen India's knowledge economy. The study provides a comprehensive overview of initiatives and interventions that, if implemented effectively, can catalyze socio-economic transformation and sustainable national development.

We review the literature analyzing the impact of pro-market institutions on firms’ global strategy. We propose that the ideological tension between whether the government or the market should drive economic development results in a pendulum of pro-market reforms and reversals that drive changes in firm strategy and performance. Much progress has been made in the analyses of pro-market reforms and their impact on firms’ international strategies and performance. However, there is a need to further learn about four areas: (1) the concept of pro-market institutions, in particular the variety of institutional dimensions, the measures, and the influence of informal institutions on firm strategies; (2) the drivers of changes in pro-market institutions, especially firms’ influences and the co-evolution of firm strategies and institutional changes; (3) the implications of changes in pro-market reforms for the interactions among integration, diversification, and internationalization strategies, the causality chains connecting institutions and strategies, and the reconfiguration of activities globally; and (4) the nontraditional moderators that alter the impact of pro-market institutional dynamics on firms’ strategies, such as country-level political systems, industry-level competitor reactions, and individual-level managerial capabilities and perceptions.

Psoriasis, a persistent inflammatory condition with a complex origin, lacks a definitive cure despite the availability of diverse treatments. Vetpalai thailam (VT), a Siddha formulation, is commonly used for addressing various skin ailments. Analysis via GC-MS of a sample of VT oil unveiled the existence of 65 compounds. These identified phytochemical structures were then examined through molecular docking against the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-17A, resulting in the shortlisting of seven compounds. Among these, four displayed binding potential against TNF-α, while three exhibited similar potential against IL-17A. Further, the individual shortlisted phytochemical and protein complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics and documented their RMSDs, RMSFs, SASA, Rg, MMPBSA, and PCA profiles. Other informatics web tools were employed to predict physicochemical properties, bioactivity, drug-likeness, and toxicity scores. Three compounds identified from VT oil displayed binding potential against IL-17A, showcasing binding energies varied between −8.427 and −6.739 kcal/mol, while four compounds exhibited potential against TNF-α, with binding energies ranging from −9.873 to −8.644 kcal/mol. The physicochemical attributes, bioactivity, compliance with Lipinski’s rule of five, and ADMET profiles of the shortlisted compounds demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. Consequently, this research provides valuable insights into the binding ability of phytoconstituents of VT oil against IL-17A and TNF-α, paving the way for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.

Breast cancer is a global cause for concern owing to its high incidence around the world. The alarming increase in breast cancer cases emphasizes the management of disease at multiple levels. The management should start from the beginning that includes stringent cancer screening or cancer registry to effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Breast cancer is highly heterogeneous at morphology as well as molecular levels and needs different therapeutic regimens based on the molecular subtype. Breast cancer patients with respective subtype have different clinical outcome prognoses. Breast cancer heterogeneity emphasizes the advanced molecular testing that will help on-time diagnosis and improved survival. Emerging fields such as liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence would help to under the complexity of breast cancer disease and decide the therapeutic regimen that helps in breast cancer management. In this review, we have discussed various risk factors and advanced technology available for breast cancer diagnosis to combat the worst breast cancer status and areas that need to be focused for the better management of breast cancer.

The mixing of N3 and N719 metal-complex dyes was investigated in this work to determine the effects of the combination of dyes on TiO2film for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The dyes were mixed in a ratio of 1:1, and their performance in the DSSCs was measured using current–voltage curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicated that the efficiency of the DSSCs increased to 7% with the addition of the N719 dye to the N3 dye. The surface morphology revealed a smooth and homogeneous distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles, and the mixed dyes showed broad absorption spectra in the visible region. The EIS results indicated a low electron recombination rate and long electron lifetime for the mixed dye-sensitized solar cells. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential for using a combination of N3 and N719 dyes to improve the efficiency of DSSCs. The employment of mixed dye as a photosensitizer in DSSCs may offer a promising approach for achieving high-performance and cost-effective DSSCs.

Video summarization deals with the generation of a condensed version of the original video by including meaningful frames or segments while eliminating redundant information. The main challenge in a video summarization task is to identify important frames or segments corresponding to human perception which varies from one genre to another. In the past two decades, several summarization techniques ranging from conventional non-learning to deep learning based mechanisms have been developed. This study provides a comprehensive survey focusing on the massive literature with scope ranging from general to domain specific methods, single view to multi-view processes, generic to user-interaction based mechanisms and conventional to deep learning-based approaches. The presented work provides general pipeline and broad classification of video summarization systems. The survey also presents genre-wise datasets description, various evaluation techniques and future recommendations. The key-points of presented work lie in its approach of analyzing literature in a systematic manner and its wide coverage by including some of the domains that have been overlooked over the time like aerial videos, medical videos and user-customization based approaches. The research work in each category is investigated, compared and analyzed on the basis of various intrinsic characteristics. The main objective of this manuscript is to guide future researchers about state-of-the-art work done in various domains of the video summarization field, so that the scope and performance of automatic video summarization systems can be enhanced further by designing new approaches or by improving different existing techniques.