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IntroductionThis study was carried out to map psychosis spectrum disorder risk factors.ObjectivesOur goal was to find what kind of instrumental methods may help to detect latent liabilities for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorderMethodsUsing online questionnaires n=710 students were screened. Groups were formed based on the inclusion criteria: N = 25 people prone to mood swings, N = 30 people prone to odd experiences and delusive thinking, and a normal control group with N = 30 people. Personality, temperament, self-experiences, affectivity scales, and cognitive screening were conducted in addition to actigraphy coupled with a mobile application for detecting subjective experiences (EMA). Furthermore, instrumental examination of self-agency, testing time interval discrimination and (re)production, eye-tracking, EEG-microstates, and laboratory testing of inflammatory, immunologic and cardio-metabolic measures of allostatic load were applied.ResultsSelf-experience disorders: both risk groups showed significantly higher scores than the control group (CG). Self-agency: based on incorrectly attributed responses, the positive schizotypy risk factor (PSF) group differed from the CG (p = 0.003). Antisaccade study: the PSF group showed a difference from the CG (p = 0.002). Actigraphy: based on the distributions of diurnal cumulative activities, it distinguished those with a cyclothymic risk factor (CTF) from the CG (67% probability in the k-means clustering procedure).ConclusionsHealthy students with a latent liability for schizotypy or bipolarity could be distinguished by some targeted laboratory methods. Susceptibility for bipolarity was indicated by actigraphic analyzes, and the risk for schizotypal development was indicated by deficiencies in the self-agency experience and by anti-saccadic eye movement disorders.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Two experiments investigated the long-term effects of retrieval practice. In the retrieval-practice procedure, selected items from a previously studied list are repeatedly recalled. The typical retrieval-practice effects are considerably enhanced memory for practiced items accompanied by low levels of recall, relative to baseline, for previously studied items that are associated with the practiced items but were not themselves practiced. The two experiments demonstrated that the former effect persisted over 12 hr; the latter effect also persisted over 12 hr, but only if a period of nocturnal sleep occurred during the retention interval. We propose that consolidation processes occurring during sleep, and possibly featuring some form of offline rehearsal, mediate these long-term effects of retrieval practice.

Background Major abdominal surgery is associated with significant risk of morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. Optimising intraoperative fluid administration may result in improved outcomes. Our aim was to compare the effects of central venous pressure (CVP), and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2 )-assisted fluid therapy on postoperative complications in patients undergoing high risk surgery. Methods Patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were randomised into control and ScvO 2 groups. The target level of mean arterial pressure (MAP) was ≥ 60 mmHg in both groups. In cases of MAP < 60 mmHg patients received either a fluid or vasopressor bolus according to the CVP < 8 mmHg in the control group. In the ScvO 2 group, in addition to the MAP, an ScvO 2 of <75 % or a >3 % decrease indicated need for intervention, regardless of the actual MAP. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Results We observed a lower number of patients with complications in the ScvO 2 group compared to the control group, however it did not reach statistical significance (ScvO 2 group: 10 vs. control group: 19; p  = 0.07). Patients in the ScvO 2 group ( n  = 38) received more colloids compared to the control group ( n  = 41) [279(161) vs. 107(250) ml/h; p  < 0.001]. Both groups received similar amounts of crystalloid (1126 ± 471 vs. 1049 ± 431 ml/h; p  = 0.46) and norepinephrine [37(107) vs. 18(73) mcg/h; p  = 0.84]. Despite similar blood loss in both groups, the ScvO 2 group received more blood transfusions (63 % vs. 37 %; p  = 0.018). More patients in the control group had a postoperative PaO 2 /FiO 2  < 200 mmHg (23 vs. 10, p  < 0.01). Twenty eight day survival was significantly higher in the ScvO 2 group (37/38 vs. 33/41 p  = 0.018). Conclusion ScvO 2 -assisted intraoperative haemodynamic support provided some benefits, including significantly better postoperative oxygenation and 28 day survival rate, compared to CVP-assisted therapy without a significant effect on postoperative complications during major abdominal surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02337010 .

Creating extended, highly homogeneous plasma columns like that required by plasma wakefield accelerators can be a challenge. We study the propagation of ultra-short, TW power ionizing laser pulses in a 10-meter-long rubidium vapor and the plasma columns they create. We perform experiments and numerical simulations for pulses with 780 nm central wavelength, which is resonant with the D\\(_2\\) transition from the ground state of rubidium atoms, as well as for pulses with 810 nm central wavelength, some distance from resonances. We measure transmitted energy and transverse width of the pulse and use schlieren imaging to probe the plasma column in the vapor close to the end of the vapor source. We find, that resonant pulses are more confined in a transverse direction by the interaction than off-resonant pulses are and that the plasma channels they create are more sharply bounded. Off-resonant pulses leave a wider layer of partially ionized atoms and thus lose more energy per unit propagation distance. Using experimental data, we estimate the energy required to generate a 20-meter-long plasma column and conclude that resonant pulses are much more suitable for creating a long, homogeneous plasma.

We study the propagation of 0.05-1 TW power, ultrafast laser pulses in a 10 meter long rubidium vapor cell. The central wavelength of the laser is resonant with the \\(D_2\\) line of rubidium and the peak intensity in the \\(10^{12}-10^{14} ~W/cm^2\\) range, enough to create a plasma channel with single electron ionization. We observe the absorption of the laser pulse for low energy, a regime of transverse confinement of the laser beam by the strong resonant nonlinearity for higher energies and the transverse broadening of the output beam when the nonlinearity is saturated due to full medium ionization. We compare experimental observations of transmitted pulse energy and transverse fluence profile with the results of computer simulations modeling pulse propagation. We find a qualitative agreement between theory and experiment that corroborates the validity of our propagation model. While the quantitative differences are substantial, the results show that the model can be used to interpret the observed phenomena in terms of self-focusing and channeling of the laser pulses by the saturable nonlinearity and the transparency of the fully ionized medium along the propagation axis.

A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incoming proton bunches used in the later stages of the AWAKE Run 1 data-taking period. The transverse structure of the bunch is observed at multiple positions along the beamline using scintillating or optical transition radiation screens. The parameters of a model that describes the bunch transverse dimensions and divergence are fitted to represent the observed data using Bayesian inference. The analysis is tested on simulated data and then applied to the experimental data.

We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv:2007.14894v2: with negative gradients, the charge of the modulated bunch is lower than with positive gradients. In addition, the bunch modulation frequency varies with gradient. Simulation results show that dephasing of the wakefields with respect to the relativistic protons along the plasma is the main cause for the loss of charge. The study of the modulation frequency reveals details about the evolution of the self-modulation process along the plasma. In particular for negative gradients, the modulation frequency across time-resolved images of the bunch indicates the position along the plasma where protons leave the wakefields. Simulations and experimental results are in excellent agreement.

The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE electron spectrometer to validate the measurement technique. Large values of the geometric emittance, compared to that of the injection beam, are observed (\\(\\sim \\SI{0.5}{\\milli\\metre\\milli\\radian}\\) compared with \\(\\sim \\SI{0.08}{\\milli\\metre\\milli\\radian}\\)), which is in line with expectations of emittance growth arising from plasma density ramps and large injection beam bunch size. Future iterations of AWAKE are anticipated to operate in conditions where emittance growth is better controlled, and the effects of the imaging systems of the existing and future spectrometer designs on the ability to measure the emittance are discussed. Good performance of the instrument down to geometric emittances of approximately \\(\\SI{1e-4}{\\milli\\metre\\milli\\radian}\\) is required, which may be possible with improved electron optics and imaging.

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude (\\(\\ge(4.1\\pm0.4)\\) MV/m), the phase of the modulation along the bunch is reproducible from event to event, with 3 to 7% (of 2\\(\\pi\\)) rms variations all along the bunch. The phase is not reproducible for lower initial amplitudes. We observe the transition between these two regimes. Phase reproducibility is essential for deterministic external injection of particles to be accelerated.