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The aim of this study was to determine the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with refractory epilepsy. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined using the spectrophotometer method. Refractory epilepsy patients’ serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were statistically significant compared to the healthy control group ( p  < 0.05). In conclusion, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of refractory epilepsy. This study was the first to investigate some parameters in refractory epilepsy disease.

Teacher training initiatives for Physically Active Learning (PAL) are notably scarce, particularly within the realm of English Language Education and within the contexts of developing countries. This research delineates a comprehensive training program specifically tailored for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors in Türkiye, aiming to foster Physically Active Language Learning (PALL). The study engaged thirty in-service EFL teachers from diverse state schools in the training initiative. In this study, a mixed methods design was employed, involving the collection and integration of both qualitative and quantitative data. This approach allowed for a comprehensive examination of the changes observed in teachers’ motivation for recreational exercise, playfulness, physical activity efficacy, and attitudes toward sports. Specifically, the research design included surveys to gather quantitative data and semi-structured interviews for qualitative insights. The data collection methods encompassed standardized questionnaires and in-depth interviews, which were analyzed using statistical methods and thematic analysis, respectively. These factors are crucial in influencing teachers’ willingness to adopt, implement, and promote physical activity learning (PAL). The results demonstrated significant improvements in teachers’ mastery motives and increased interest in sports. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights into the potential long-term impact of the training program on teaching practices and student outcomes, shedding light on the sustainability and effectiveness of integrating PALL into educational settings. Overall, teacher feedback indicated overwhelmingly positive perceptions of the PALL training program.

This study investigated the role of oxidative stress in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by comparing serum levels of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol (TT) between POAG patients and healthy controls. The study included 48 POAG patients and 54 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum concentrations of IMA, MDA, and TT were measured using established assay methods. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher levels of IMA and MDA and lower levels of TT in POAG patients than controls ( p  < 0.001). The findings show that patients with POAG tend to have higher oxidative stress levels and a weaker antioxidant defense system. This suggests that POAG patients are exposed to increased oxidative stress and lack sufficient antioxidants to counteract it. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants observed in these patients may indicate that oxidative stress plays a potential role in the development of the disease. Further population-based studies are necessary to clarify the causal relationship between these markers and the development or progression of POAG.

Background and Objectives: Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal ectatic disorder characterized by stromal thinning, irregular astigmatism, and visual impairment. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of KC. Biomarkers such as ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol (TT) have been widely used to assess oxidative status. This study aims to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in KC disease by comparing serum levels of IMA, MDA, and TT between KC patients and healthy controls. Material and Methods: Forty patients diagnosed with KC and 43 healthy individuals of similar age and gender were included in the study. Patients with KC were classified in 4 stages according to the modified Krumeich KC classification system. IMA, MDA, and TT levels were compared in serum samples from patient and control groups. Results: Serum IMA levels were 2.52 ± 0.07 in the KC group and 1.2 ± 0.03 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). While serum MDA levels were 1.68 ± 0.05 in the KC group, they were 0.74 ± 0.04 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Serum TT levels were 0.82 ± 0.41 in the KC group and 2.23 ± 0.04 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated serum IMA and MDA levels, together with decreased TT levels, in patients with KC are likely associated with increased oxidative stress. These parameters may serve as auxiliary biomarkers for evaluating disease pathophysiology and may represent potential targets for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Introduction: Patients in intensive care units (ICU) are 5-7 times more susceptible to infection than other groups, which increases the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and associated sepsis accounting for 60% of deaths. Gram-negative bacteria are the most common source of urinary tract infections that cause morbidity, mortality, and sepsis in the ICU. The aim of this study is to detect the most commonly grown microorganisms and antibiotic resistance in urine cultures in the intensive care units of our tertiary city hospital, which has more than 20% of the ICU beds in Bursa By this way, we suppose that we will contribute to surveillance studies in our province, our country. Methodology: Patients who were admitted to Bursa City Hospital adult ICU for various reasons between 15.07.2019 and 31.01.2021 and had growth in urine cultures were retrospectively screened. The urine culture result, growing microorganism, antibiotic used, and resistance status were recorded and analyzes were performed according to hospital data. Results: Gram-negative growth was observed in 85.6% (n = 7707), gram-positive growth in 11.6% (n = 1045), and candida fungus growth in 2.8% (n = 249). Resistance to at least one antibiotic in urine cultures was observed for Acinetobacter (71.8), Klebsiella (51%), Proteus (47.95%), Pseudomonas (33%), E. coli (31%) and Enterococci (26.75%), respectively. Discussion: Developing a health system leads to longer life expectancy, longer intensive care treatment, and more frequent interventional procedures. In terms of being a resource for empirical treatments, early initiation of empirical treatments to control the urinary tract infection disrupts the patient's hemodynamics and increases mortality and morbidity.

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the Physically Active Learning Portfolio (PALP) on English language teachers' inclination towards incorporating sports-related activities into their teaching practices, as well as their perceptions of these activities. PALP activities were developed with the aim of enhancing English teachers' abilities to integrate various physical movements into course content, fostering an active, healthy, and enjoyable learning environment, and leveraging movement to facilitate rapid and enduring learning outcomes. This study sought to facilitate collaboration between physical education experts and English teachers to integrate movement into language learning. The study group comprised 30 English teachers selected from various public schools across different cities in Türkiye, constituting the study's participant cohort. The research design employed in this study was an explanatory sequential mixed-method approach (Creswell et al. in Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Thousand Oaks, 2003), where quantitative findings guided the qualitative exploration. Quantitative analysis indicated a statistically significant improvement in only one of the measured dimensions—teachers’ personal interest in participating in PALP activities—while no significant changes were observed in other areas. These results suggest that the intervention had a targeted but limited effect within the scope of the short-term implementation. It is important to note that the study employed a single-group pretest–posttest design without a control group, and the small, homogenous sample (N = 30) limits the generalizability of the findings. Nevertheless, qualitative findings provided additional insights into teachers’ positive perceptions and their expressed willingness to apply movement-based strategies in their language instruction.

Background: The excessive accumulation of fat tissue in obesity is the source of chronic low-level inflammation and causes future dysmetabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Removal of this excessive fat tissue with the aid of bariatric surgery (BS) techniques, such as sleeve gastrectomy, may reverse adverse inflammatory outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of sleeve gastrectomy on inflammatory markers, specifically endocan, IL-6, and CRP, in individuals with obesity. Methods: Thirty-two patients with class 3 obesity and class 2 obesity + comorbidities were enrolled in the study. Clinical characteristics including age, comorbidity, body mass index (BMI), waist, and hip circumferences of the participants were noted before and 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy. Blood samples were collected during those periods to assess biochemical features such as serum endocan, interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive peptide, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels, and lipid panel. A statistical package program was used for the analysis of those parameters, and p<0.05 was accepted as significant at a 95.0% confidence interval. Results: BMI reduced from 43.55[+ or -]6.78 to 36.16[+ or -]6.14 kg/m2 within 3 months following BS (p<0.001). Preoperative serum endocan, IL-6, and CRP levels were correlated with BMI, and in line with BMI reduction, their serum levels decreased after BS (p<0.05). HOMA-IR also reduced after BS, and both in the pre and post-BS periods correlated with BMI, IL-6, endocan, and CRP levels (p<0.05). The mean total body weight loss was 20.4% within 3 months post-BS. Conclusion: BS techniques are effective in weight loss and reversing the inflammatory processes caused by obesity. Serum endocan, IL-6, and CRP levels are promising markers for describing obesity-related inflammation and objectively checking the alleviation of inflammation following BS. Keywords: bariatric surgery, endocan, interleukin-6, sleeve gastrectomy, weight loss

The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional behavior of patients with heart failure in accordance with nutrition guidelines. This was an analytical cross‐sectional study and conducted at the cardiology unit of a university hospital. The study sample consisted of 104 patients. We concluded that middle‐aged patients, who had Stage I heart failure, whose fat percentage was 40%–59%, and whose metabolic age was young were found to be nourished by nutrition guidelines. It is recommended that the nutritional behaviors of heart failure patients be monitored and nursing interventions planned according to the guidelines.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the oxidant-antioxidant capacity in bladder cancer according to invasion and degree. METHODS Forty-six patients with bladder cancer and 50 healthy volunteers were included in the study. After 12 h of fasting, 4cc of blood venous blood was taken from these patients. Then, after centrifugation at 5000 rpms for 10 min, the serum portion of the study was completed. The activities of arylesterase (ARE), paraoxanase-1 (PON-1), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S transferase, and protein carbonyl (PC) in serum were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Antioxidant parameters in the serum of patients with bladder tumors were found lower than control group (p=0.001). In addition, PC was found to be higher in the bladder cancer group than in the control group (p=0.001); on the other hand, ARE, PON-1, and GR levels were found to be lower in both highgrade tumors and invasive tumors (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION Oxidative stress is effective in the development and progression of bladder tumors.

This mixed-method study explores the impact of the Raising Climate Heroes: Ecological Game Camp on climate change knowledge, awareness, behavior, and emotional engagement among primary school students and adult participants. Designed with experiential and game-based learning approaches, the program aimed to enhance environmental literacy through interactive, nature-centered activities. The quantitative findings from pre- and post-tests revealed significant increases in climate-related knowledge, awareness, climate-friendly behavior, hope, and reductions in climate anxiety. All measurement tools demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.809–0.914), indicating strong reliability across both age groups. Qualitative data, analyzed using descriptive thematic analysis, showed high levels of participant satisfaction. The adults emphasized educational gains, professional relevance, and appreciation of academic facilitation. The children focused on enjoyment, outdoor experiences, and social interaction. Activities such as ecological experiments, composting, and collaborative cooking were most favored. The results suggest that combining cognitive and emotional elements through play and hands-on learning can effectively promote pro-environmental attitudes. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how climate education can be both engaging and transformative for diverse learner groups.