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Inguinal hernia is a common global disease. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of robot-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal repair (RTAPP) and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair (LTAPP) for inguinal hernia. We conducted a thorough search in Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed for relevant clinical studies. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the quality of selected studies was assessed using the Jadad scale for randomized controlled studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of ten studies were included, comprising two randomized controlled studies and eight non-randomized controlled studies. Meta-analysis results revealed no statistically significant differences between the RTAPP group and the LTAPP group regarding hospital stay [MD = 0.21 days, 95% CI (-0.09, 0.51), P = 0.17], incidence of seroma [OR = 0.85, 95% CI(0.45, 1.59), P = 0.61], overall complication rate [OR = 1.22, 95% CI(0.68, 2.18), P = 0.51], readmission rate [OR = 1.31, 95% CI(0.23, 7.47), P = 0.76], and recurrence rate [OR = 0.82, 95% CI(0.22, 3.07), P = 0.77]. However, the RTAPP group had longer operation time compared to the LTAPP group [MD = 14.02 minutes, 95% CI (6.65, 21.39), P = 0.0002], and the cost of the RTAPP procedure was higher than that of the LTAPP procedure [MD = $4.17 thousand, 95% CI (2.59, 5.76), P<0.00001]. RTAPP for inguinal hernia is a safe and feasible approach, however, it is associated with increased operation time and treatment costs.

Color-saturated green-emitting molecules with high Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) y values have great potential applications for displays and imaging. Here, we linked the outer phenyl groups in multiple-resonance (MR)-type blue-emitting B (boron)-N (nitrogen) molecules through bonding and spiro-carbon bridges, resulting in rigid green emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The MR effect and multiple interlocking strategy greatly suppressed the high-frequency vibrations in the molecules, which emit green light with a full-width at half-maximum of 14 nm and a CIE y value of 0.77 in cyclohexane. These were the purest green molecules with quantum efficiency and color purity that were comparable with current best quantum dots. Doping these emitters into a traditional green-emitting phosphorescence organic light-emitting diode (OLED) endowed the device with a Broadcast Service Television 2020 color-gamut, 50% improved external quantum efficiency, and an extremely high luminescence of 5.1 × 10 5  cd/m 2 , making it the greenest and brightest OLED ever reported. The authors combine multiple resonance effect and multi-lock strategy to dope green-emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescent molecules into green-emitting phosphorescence OLEDs by endowing the device with a Broadcast Service Television 2020 color-gamut, 50% improved EQE, and a high luminescence of half a million nits.

Planar digital image sensors facilitate broad applications in a wide range of areas 1 – 5 , and the number of pixels has scaled up rapidly in recent years 2 , 6 . However, the practical performance of imaging systems is fundamentally limited by spatially nonuniform optical aberrations originating from imperfect lenses or environmental disturbances 7 , 8 . Here we propose an integrated scanning light-field imaging sensor, termed a meta-imaging sensor, to achieve high-speed aberration-corrected three-dimensional photography for universal applications without additional hardware modifications. Instead of directly detecting a two-dimensional intensity projection, the meta-imaging sensor captures extra-fine four-dimensional light-field distributions through a vibrating coded microlens array, enabling flexible and precise synthesis of complex-field-modulated images in post-processing. Using the sensor, we achieve high-performance photography up to a gigapixel with a single spherical lens without a data prior, leading to orders-of-magnitude reductions in system capacity and costs for optical imaging. Even in the presence of dynamic atmosphere turbulence, the meta-imaging sensor enables multisite aberration correction across 1,000 arcseconds on an 80-centimetre ground-based telescope without reducing the acquisition speed, paving the way for high-resolution synoptic sky surveys. Moreover, high-density accurate depth maps can be retrieved simultaneously, facilitating diverse applications from autonomous driving to industrial inspections. A meta-imaging sensor detects an extra-fine 4D light field distribution using a vibrating microlens array, enabling high-resolution 3D photography up to a gigapixel with fast aberration correction, demonstrated on a telescope aimed at the Moon.

Background Chronic diarrhea significantly affects quality of life, yet the potential role of calcium intake in its prevention remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the association between daily calcium intake and chronic diarrhea using data from the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods Data from NHANES 2005–2010 were analyzed, focusing on participants over the age of 20. The association between daily calcium intake and the prevalence of chronic diarrhea was assessed using weighted logistic regression models, calculating odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI), while controlling for potential confounding factors. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to explore the potential non-linear association between calcium intake and the prevalence of chronic diarrhea, and subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect differences across various population groups. Potential interactions between different subgroups and the association between calcium intake and the prevalence of chronic diarrhea were also examined. Results A total of 8,317 eligible participants were included in this study, with a median age of 39.0 years (IQR: 28.0–52.0) and a median daily calcium intake of 0.9 g/day (IQR: 0.6–1.2 g/day). A total of 507 participants were identified as having chronic diarrhea, including 214 males and 293 females. After adjusting for multiple covariates, higher calcium intake was significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of chronic diarrhea (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.95, P  = 0.028). RCS analysis did not reveal any significant non-linear relationship ( P  = 0.724). Subgroup analyses stratified by age, gender, education level, marital status, race, poverty income ratio, body mass index, smoking status, depression, daily use of prednisone or cortisone, dietary fiber intake, total fat intake, and total dairy intake showed no significant interaction between calcium intake and the prevalence of chronic diarrhea (all P -values > 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that promoting adequate calcium intake may play a role in preventing chronic diarrhea, warranting further investigation in prospective studies.

Background Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder that affects the quality of life of millions of adults worldwide. Dietary moisture intake is considered to have a significant impact on intestinal health, yet its specific role in constipation has not been thoroughly investigated in large-scale population studies. This study aims to explore the correlation between adult dietary moisture intake and constipation by analyzing the NHANES database, filling a knowledge gap in the literature. Methods Data from NHANES participants aged 20 years and older from 2005 to 2010 were analyzed. Moisture intake was assessed using dietary recall data, which included moisture from all food and beverages consumed. A weighted logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between moisture intake and the risk of constipation, calculating the odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while controlling for potential confounders. Additionally, restricted cubic splines (RCS) were applied to further explore potential non-linear patterns in the relationship between moisture intake and constipation, along with subgroup analysis. Results The study included 14,492 participants, of whom 1,514 reported constipation issues. After adequately adjusting for confounders, a significant negative correlation was observed between moisture intake and constipation risk (OR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74–0.89). Quartile analysis of moisture intake demonstrated that, compared to the first quartile Q1 (0.06 to 1.90 kg), the constipation risk for the second quartile Q2 (1.91 to 2.53 kg), third quartile Q3 (2.54 to 3.36 kg), and fourth quartile Q4 (3.37 to 16.97 kg) were OR 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64–0.72), OR 0.57 (95% CI: 0.45–0.72), and OR 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44–0.67) respectively, with a trend test P -value ofless than 0.001. RCS regression revealed a significant non-linear negative relationship between moisture intake and constipation prevalence ( P  < 0.001). Depression may modulate the relationship between moisture and constipation (interaction effect P  = 0.014). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that appropriate dietary moisture intake is significantly associated with a lower risk of constipation, demonstrating a dose-response relationship. This emphasizes the importance of considering adequate moisture intake in the prevention and management of constipation. Future studies should adopt a prospective design to further verify the causal relationship between dietary moisture intake and constipation progression.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family (PGC-1s), consisting of three members encompassing PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC), was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. PGC-1s are essential coordinators of many vital cellular events, including mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has shown that PGC-1s are implicated in many diseases, such as cancers, cardiac diseases and cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, kidney diseases, motor system diseases, and metabolic disorders. Examining the upstream modulators and co-activated partners of PGC-1s and identifying critical biological events modulated by downstream effectors of PGC-1s contribute to the presentation of the elaborate network of PGC-1s. Furthermore, discussing the correlation between PGC-1s and diseases as well as summarizing the therapy targeting PGC-1s helps make individualized and precise intervention methods. In this review, we summarize basic knowledge regarding the PGC-1s family as well as the molecular regulatory network, discuss the physio-pathological roles of PGC-1s in human diseases, review the application of PGC-1s, including the diagnostic and prognostic value of PGC-1s and several therapies in pre-clinical studies, and suggest several directions for future investigations. This review presents the immense potential of targeting PGC-1s in the treatment of diseases and hopefully facilitates the promotion of PGC-1s as new therapeutic targets.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine condition affecting both metabolic and reproductive health in women. The impact of vitamin D on metabolic regulation has attracted growing interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on key metabolic parameters-namely blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels-in individuals with PCOS. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant studies in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The search focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the impact of vitamin D supplementation in patients with PCOS. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software, and study quality was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. In addition, outcome-related evidence was graded using the GRADE system, and TSA was performed to determine if the number of participants met the required threshold. Results A total of 691 individuals with PCOS from 13 RCTs were evaluated. The meta-analysis indicated that the supplementation of vitamin D led to a notable reduction in the subsequent metabolic parameters: fasting blood glucose[MD=-2.91 mg/dL, 95% CI (-4.78, -1.04) mg/dL, P  = 0.002], insulin levels[MD=-1.98 µIU/mL, 95% CI (-3.32, -0.64) µIU/mL, P  = 0.004], triglycerides[MD=-11.01 mg/dL, 95% CI (-16.42, -5.61) mg/dL, P  < 0.0001], total cholesterol [MD=-11.69 mg/dL, 95% CI (-15.56, -7.82) mg/dL, P  < 0.00001], very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol) [MD=-2.64 mg/dL, 95% CI (-4.50, -0.79) mg/dL, P  = 0.005], and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) [MD=-5.85 mg/dL, 95% CI (-10.28, -1.42) mg/dL, P  = 0.010]. Nevertheless, the supplementation of vitamin D did not exert a significant impact on high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL - cholesterol) [MD=-0.21 mg/dL, 95% CI (-0.81, 1.22) mg/dL, P  = 0.69]. Begg’s and Egger’s tests suggested a minimal probability of publication bias, and the TSA confirmed that the optimal sample size for major outcomes had been reached, supporting the robustness of the meta-analysis results. Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation shows significant benefits in improving metabolic parameters in PCOS patients, particularly in reducing fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, suggesting a potential role of vitamin D in PCOS management. The long-term outcomes and most effective dose of vitamin D warrant further investigation in future research. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Entrepreneurial success has traditionally been evaluated using economic indicators such as profitability, firm growth, and survival rates. However, in African contexts where inclusive entrepreneurship plays a critical role in promoting equity and sustainable development, such conventional measures often overlook essential dimensions of inclusion, empowerment, and social transformation. This study develops a multidimensional framework for measuring entrepreneurial success in inclusive contexts across selected African countries. It integrates financial, human, social, and institutional dimensions to capture the real impact of entrepreneurship on marginalized and underrepresented groups, including women, youth, and persons with disabilities. Using a mixed-method design, the study draws on cross-country data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), African Development Bank (AfDB) SME databases, and national enterprise surveys conducted between 2020 and 2024. Four econometric models are estimated to test the relationships between financial inclusion, human capital development, institutional support, and social empowerment as determinants of entrepreneurial success. The models include: (1) a financial inclusion model assessing access to credit and financial services; (2) a human capital model examining training, education, and experience; (3) an institutional support model focusing on public policy, incubator networks, and digital infrastructure; and (4) an integrated multidimensional model combining all key drivers. The results demonstrate that inclusive entrepreneurial success is significantly influenced by access to financial services, supportive institutional environments, and the availability of digital tools that enhance market participation. Moreover, the study introduces an Inclusive Entrepreneurial Success Index (IESI)-a composite measure designed to evaluate the performance of entrepreneurs within inclusive ecosystems. The IESI allows for comparative analysis across regions and policy programs, providing an adaptable tool for researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners. The findings emphasize the need to move beyond profit-based evaluation models toward broader indicators that reflect empowerment, equality of opportunity, and social impact. This new framework contributes to inclusive entrepreneurship theory and offers strategic insights for designing equitable and sustainable entrepreneurship policies aligned with the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

X-ray detection, which plays an important role in medical and industrial fields, usually relies on inorganic scintillators to convert X-rays to visible photons; although several high-quantum-yield fluorescent molecules have been tested as scintillators, they are generally less efficient. High-energy radiation can ionize molecules and create secondary electrons and ions. As a result, a high fraction of triplet states is generated, which act as scintillation loss channels. Here we found that X-ray-induced triplet excitons can be exploited for emission through very rapid, thermally activated up-conversion. We report scintillators based on three thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules with different emission bands, which showed significantly higher efficiency than conventional anthracene-based scintillators. X-ray imaging with 16.6 line pairs mm −1 resolution was also demonstrated. These results highlight the importance of efficient and prompt harvesting of triplet excitons for efficient X-ray scintillation and radiation detection. Triplet exciton harvesting through thermally activated delayed fluorescence is shown to be effective also under X-ray excitation, increasing the efficiency and imaging quality of X-ray detectors based on organic scintillation.

Hypertension is a leading global risk factor for disability and death. Irbesartan, a potent angiotensin II receptor blocker, requires continuous safety monitoring. We conducted a disproportionality analysis of irbesartan-related adverse drug events (ADEs) using the FDA's FAERS and Japan's JADER databases. We extracted irbesartan-related ADE reports from FAERS (Q1 2004 to Q1 2024) and JADER (Q2 2008 to Q4 2023). We used Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and Empirical Bayesian Geometric Mean (EBGM) for signal detection. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to exclude comorbid medications, and subgroup analyses by age and gender were performed to explore ADE occurrence in specific populations. Th time to onset (TTO) of ADEs was assessed using Weibull distribution test and Kaplan-Meier curves. A total of 5,816 (FAERS) and 366 (JADER) reports were analyzed, with irbesartan-related preferred terms (PTs) involving 27 System Organ Classes (SOCs) in FAERS and 22 in JADER. Three SOCs met detection thresholds in both databases: \"metabolism and nutrition disorders,\" \"cardiac disorders,\" and \"renal and urinary disorders.\" We identified 219 positive signals in FAERS and 20 in JADER, including known signals like hyperkalemia, hypotension, and acute kidney injury. Notably, newly identified signals such as acute pancreatitis (n = 50, ROR: 7.76 [5.88-10.25]) and rhabdomyolysis (n = 50, ROR: 7.76 [5.88-10.25]) in FAERS and respiratory failure (n = 7, ROR: 6.76 [3.20-14.26]) in JADER could have significant clinical implications, as they may lead to severe outcomes if not recognized and managed promptly. Subgroup analyses revealed both similarities and differences in signal detection across gender and age groups. Sensitivity analyses, excluding concomitant medications, confirmed the persistence of key positive signals, including hyperkalemia, angioedema, acute pancreatitis, and agranulocytosis. ADEs mainly occurred within 1 month (34.14%) and after 1 year (32.32%) after dosing, with a median onset of 107 days. This study provides valuable real-world evidence on the safety profile of irbesartan. The identification of new safety signals underscores the necessity of updating drug labels, particularly for assessing and managing high-risk patients. Additionally, the TTO analysis emphasizes the importance of sustained vigilance for adverse events over time. In conclusion, our findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of irbesartan's safety, aiding healthcare professionals in optimizing its use in clinical practice.