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The electro-Fenton (EF) process was first proposed in 1996 and, since then, considerable development has been achieved for its application in wastewater treatment, especially at lab and pilot scale. After more than 25 years, the high efficiency, versatility and environmental compatibility of EF process has been demonstrated. In this review, bibliometrics has been adopted as a tool that allows quantifying the development of EF as well as introducing some useful correlations. As a result, information is summarized in a more visual manner that can be easily analyzed and interpreted as compared to conventional reviewing. During the recent decades under review, 83 countries have contributed to the dramatic growth of EF publications, with China, Spain and France leading the publication output. The top 12 most cited articles, along with the top 32 most productive authors in the EF field, have been screened. Four stages have been identified as main descriptors of the development of EF throughout these years, being each stage characterized by relevant breakthroughs. To conclude, a general cognitive model for the EF process is proposed, including atomic, microscopic and macroscopic views, and future perspectives are discussed. Graphical abstract

pH plays a pivotal role in influencing various aspects of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions in electrochemical systems. These reactions are affected by pH in terms of mass transport, electrochemical double layer (EDL) structure, and surface adsorption energy, all of which impact the overall electrochemical processes. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research progress made in elucidating the effects of pH on different electrochemical reactions, the hydrogen evolution reaction/hydrogen oxidation reaction (HER/HOR), oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). To embark on this endeavor, we have conducted a bibliometric analysis to clearly outline of the research trends and advancements in the field concerning the pH effects. Subsequently, we present a systematic overview of the mechanisms governing these reactions, with a special focus on pH’s influence on both the proton and electron aspects. We conclude by discussing the current challenges in this area and suggesting future research avenues that could further our understanding of pH's role in electrochemical reactions. Graphical abstract

In this paper, the formation and characterization of Pt 2 , Pt 3 as well as Pt 4 atomic clusters in cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) are evaluated by DFT to examine the adsorption capacity under the clusters. The results show that the Pt clusters move toward the bottom edge or form rings in the optimized stable structure. Pt far from the carbon substrate possesses more active electrons and adsorption advantages. The three clusters can adsorb up to 17, 18, and 16 hydrogen molecules. Loading metal clusters at the bottom edge maintains a relatively good adsorption property despite the low binding energy through comparative studies. The adsorption capacity does not increase with the number of Pt for metal aggregation reducing the hydrogen adsorption area thus impacting the hydrogen storage ability and the aggregation phenomenon limiting the action of Pt metal. During adsorption, chemisorption occurs only in the Pt 2 cluster, while multiple hydrogen molecules achieve physiochemical adsorption in the Pt 3 and Pt 4 clusters. Compared with the atomic loading of the dispersion system in equal quantities, the dispersion system features higher molecular stability and can significantly reduce the energy of the carbon substrates, providing more sites for hydrogen adsorption in space. Graphical abstract

The effect of heterogeneous Fenton reaction was studied on methylene blue（MB） and Nitrosomonas europaea（N. europaea） cells. Four Fenton systems were prepared and compared with each other, including Nickel Foam（NF）/TiO2, NF/Bi2WO6, Ceramic foam（CM）/TiO2, and CM/Bi2WO6. The order of effect of fenton reaction ranked as NF/TiO2〉CM/TiO2〉NF/Bi2WO6〉CM/Bi2WO6. In acid or alkaline solution, the removal efficiency also decreased compared with neutral solution. With lower p H values, the nanoparticles were easier to break off from NF skeleton. Thus the synergetic effect of photocatalysis and fenton reaction can not take action. As for CM skeleton, the bond –Si-O-can bind with TiO2 or Bi2WO6. The membrane fluidity was used as an indicating parameter. After being treated by Fenton reaction, N. europaea surface was rougher than the native bacterium and the bulges on cell surface became irregular, which is attributed to change of lipopolysaccharide patches. Polarization of N. europaea cell membrane in acid medium increased more obvious than alkaline medium.

The waterborne polyurethane/doped TiO 2 nanoparticle hybrid films were prepared. Nd, I doped TiO 2 was prepared with a 50 nm particle size firstly. The hybrid film was prepared by mixing doped TiO 2 with waterborne polyurethane, followed by heat treatment. The presence and nanometric distribution of doped TiO 2 nanoparticles in prepared membranes is evident according to SEM images. The photocatalytic activities of doped TiO 2 were significantly enhanced compared with pure TiO 2 powders. After the hybrid film fabrication, the photocatalytic activities were almost the same as the pure catalysts with k MB of 0.046. In the antibacterial testing, the hybrid films can inhibit E. coli growth. A significant decrease in membrane fluidity and increase of permeability of E. coli were observed.

Metric learning has emerged as a critical tool for analyzing the semantic similarities between objects. However, numerous existing methods are incapable of simultaneously maximizing the proximity of similar pairs and the separability between dissimilar ones to achieve the largest margin principle. Additionally, most graph Laplacian-based semi-supervised approaches fail to consider the valuable dissimilar information of unlabeled data, and they treat neighborhood graph construction and metric learning as separate procedures, thereby breaking the unified relationship between these two components. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a scalable and efficient metric learning framework called Unified metric learNing based on maxIum enTropy (UNIT). UNIT attempts to unify supervised and semi-supervised metric learning into a framework by introducing the maximum entropy regularizer of the eigenvalues of the learned matrix. With the novel regularizer, UNIT can maximize the closeness of similar instances and the separability of dissimilar ones without encountering the trivial solution problem. Furthermore, the adaptive graph Laplacian, formulated by a similar graph as well as a dissimilar graph, is constructed to mine the rich discriminant information of the unlabeled data. We demonstrate that UNIT can be solved efficiently with the alternating direction method, with each sub-problem being solvable using a closed-form solution. To account for nonlinear data distribution, a kernelized version of UNIT is also provided. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is validated through extensive supervised and semi-supervised experiments on various datasets.

Pulsed electrolysis endowed merits of high current density, low energy consumption, and simple operation; thus, a booming in their publication numbers has been witnessed in recent years. In this review, we aim to summarize the state-of-the-art pulsed current/potential strategy to enhance electrochemical reactions, such as oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), CO2 reduction (CO2RR), CO reduction (COR), etc. It begins with historic analysis of pulsed electrolysis via a bibliometric method, aiming at providing a progress over the course of around 40 years in a quantitative way. Then, the definition along with its influence of electronic effect, double layer effect and mass transport have been reviewed based on a mechanism point of view for the first time. To sum up the review, several current challenges and future prospects of pulsed electrolysis have provided for the future smart design of electrochemical process.

The first application of a novel electro-Fenton (EF) for coking wastewater (CW) treatment at the original pH (6.80) by using tripolyphosphate (TPP) ligand was proposed. Total organic carbon (TOC) decay of CW followed a pseudo-first kinetic rate constant with an apparent rate constant ( k app ) of 1.07 × 10 −2  min −1 for the EF in the presence of TPP (EF/TPP), which was 2.10 times higher than that of conventional EF ( k app  = 5.10 × 10 −3  min −1 ) working at pH 3. The high efficiency of EF/TPP at neutral pH was mainly attributed to the newly formed Fe-O-P coordination in the iron-ligand compound (Fe 2+ -TPP) supported by UV-absorption spectra results, activating oxygen to produce • OH and hence enhancing the oxidation capacity. Key operating parameters of CW mineralization by EF/TPP including Fe 2+ concentration and pH value were systematically investigated. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra technique was used to assess the variance of dissolved organic matters during the EF/TPP process. Results showed an 81% mineralization of CW after 3 h electrolysis coupled with a low energy consumption (0.129 kWh g −1 TOC) which were obtained by the EF/TPP process. Microtox toxicity demonstrated that TPP could reduce the toxicity of raw CW and importantly, it showed that EF/TPP was effective for detoxification. Mechanism study via simulated matrix with similar components as CW revealed that • OH produced both from Fenton and Fe 2+ -TPP activation together with the generated active chlorine was responsible for CW mineralization. In summary, the TPP-assisted EF process was presented as a promising technique for extending coking wastewater treatment at near-neutral pH with a high mineralization.

Virioplankton dynamics at seven sample sites (from two freshwater lakes) with different trophic states were monitored over the period of a year. Water was sampled monthly from August 2004 to July 2005, and the abundances of viruses and bacteria were measured using direct epifluorescence microscopy counting. Results indicated that both natural and anthropogenic factors could influence the distribution of virioplankton. Temporally, viral abundance was significantly correlated to bacterial density and water temperature. Spatially, viral abundance was significantly correlated to trophic state. This in turn indicated that viral abundance was directly dependant on host abundance in eutrophic lakes, while trophic state and temperature could drive the distribution of virioplankton. The virus-bacteria ratio was significantly lower in less productive water-bodies. The result implied that the control of virioplankton on their hosts may change according to the host density.

The waterborne polyurethane/doped TiO sub(2) nanoparticle hybrid films were prepared. Nd, I doped TiO sub(2) was prepared with a 50 nm particle size firstly. The hybrid film was prepared by mixing doped TiO sub(2) with waterborne polyurethane, followed by heat treatment. The presence and nanometric distribution of doped TiO sub(2) nanoparticles in prepared membranes is evident according to SEM images. The photocatalytic activities of doped TiO sub(2) were significantly enhanced compared with pure TiO sub(2) powders. After the hybrid film fabrication, the photocatalytic activities were almost the same as the pure catalysts with k sub(MB) of 0.046. In the antibacterial testing, the hybrid films can inhibit E. coli growth. A significant decrease in membrane fluidity and increase of permeability of E. coli were observed.