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The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers’ knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers’ knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.

Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

Foregrounding biopolitical conflicts that altered and marginalized indigenous wisdom in the wake of colonial encounter, the present study investigates the intersection of testimonial injustice and hermeneutical marginalization in The Nutmeg $ Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis (2021). The paper makes the case that Ghosh brings to light the systematic erasure of indigenous narratives and practices that could challenge the dominant biopolitical order by colonial powers. Drawing on Miranda Fricker's (2007) notions of epistemic injustice, the paper informs how indigenous groups are refused the reliability of their testimonies and are subjected to hermeneutical marginalization and systematic erasure from discourses and frameworks. Ghosh powerfully illustrates the continued implications of these inequalities in the context of global environmental catastrophes, showing that the exclusion of indigenous wisdom endures as a barrier to tackling an ongoing planetary catastrophe. Eventually, the study contends that Ghosh's work promotes a rethink of the epistemic contributions of historically marginalized individuals in the fight for equitable environmental conditions and sustainability.

Invitro antifungal activity shows that itraconazole-NLCs were effective in reducing the growth of Candida Albicans. [...]the study concludes that Itraconazole-loaded NLCs have a persistent release profile and have the potential for the treatment of fungal topical infections. Keywords: Itraconazole, Nanostructure lipid carriers, Topical delivery, Anti-fungal infection, High pressure homogenization (ProQuest: ... denotes formula omitted.) 1.Introduction In the current situation there are a wide variety of fungal infections affecting human population all over the world. [...]the current study is done with the aim of enhanced penetration of itraconazole through the deeper layers of the skin by encapsulating the drug in NLCs containing hydrogel for better therapeutic achievements. For the development of itraconazole NLC, a binary mix showing a melting point above 40° C was selected if it did not reveal the presence of oil droplets on the filter paper6. 2.4 Preparation of NLCs The lipid phase was accurately weighed and heated at approximately 85 C well above the solid phase melting point and an approximate amount of the drug was added.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and soaking time on vitamin C, carotenoid, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content for optimizing the pre-treatment for minimal processing of bitter melon slices and to evaluate its shelf life at different storage conditions. Fresh-cut bitter melon slices were given post-cutting treatment of wash solution containing NaClO(25-500ppm) and H2O2 (1-5%) solution for different time intervals (10-120 minutes). The treated samples were analyzed for Vitamin C content, carotenoid, DPPH inhibition activity, ABTS inhibition activity and total phenolic content (TPC) using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The optimum condition for soaking achieved by CCRD was NaClO (25 ppm), H2O2 (1%) and soaking time (56.32 min). The minimally processed bitter melon at optimized wash water treatment was packed in LDPE pouch of 0.1 mm thickness and were evaluated for shelf-life under modified atmospheric packaging, MAP 1 (5% O2, 25% CO2 & 70% N2) and MAP 2(10% O2, 20% CO2 & 70% N2) stored at temperature of 5, 20 and 35°C, respectively. Based on the microbiological, colour and textural analysis, MAP 1 was found to be better compared to MAP 2 and the shelf-life of fresh-cut bitter melon slices was prolonged up to twenty-eight days of storage.

V-based Kagome metals exhibit a unique lattice geometry that can give rise to exotic electronic and magnetic phenomena, making them an ideal platform to study the interplay of topology and magnetism. We present a combined thermodynamic and muon spin relaxation (\\(\\mu\\)SR) investigation of single-crystal RV\\(_{6}\\)Sn\\(_{6}\\) (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) compounds, focusing on their low-temperature magnetic behavior. Heat capacity and \\(\\mu\\)SR measurements reveal distinct magnetic phase transitions below 4 K, confirming the emergence of long-range magnetic order in all compounds studied. The \\(\\mu\\)SR results further indicate persistent spin fluctuations within the magnetically ordered state down to 50 mK, reflected in reduced ordered moments obtained from hyperfine analysis of the heat capacity measurements. These findings uncover the coexistence of static and dynamic magnetism in V-based Kagome metals and emphasizing the key role of 4\\(f\\)-electron anisotropy in shaping their magnetic ground states. Compared with the Mn-based RMn\\(_{6}\\)Sn\\(_{6}\\) analogs, our results highlight the unique magnetism arising from the decoupled rare-earth sublattice and its interplay with the nonmagnetic V Kagome network.

Magnetic kagome metals have attracted tremendous research interests recently, because they represent an ideal playground for exploring the fascinating interplay between their intrinsically inherited topologically non-trivial electron band structures, magnetism and electronic correlation effects, and the resultant novel electronic/magnetic states and emergent excitations. In this work, we report a comprehensive single-crystal neutron diffraction investigation of the ground-state magnetic structures of the recently discovered V-based topological kagome metals RV\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er). Furthermore, the sample synthesis details and our systematic studies of crystal structure, low-temperature magnetic and thermodynamic properties of these compounds via various in-house characterization techniques are also reported. It can be revealed that RV\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) (R = Tb, Dy, Ho) have a collinear ferromagnetic order in the ground state, with the ordered magnetic moment aligned along the c axis for R = Tb, Ho, while approximately 20\\({^\\circ}\\) tilted off from the c axis for R = Dy. In contrast, ErV\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) shows an A-type antiferromagnetic structure with a magnetic propagation vector k = (0, 0, 0.5), and with the ordered magnetic moment aligned in the ab plane. A comparison of the low-temperature magnetic structures for both the extensively investigated topological kagome metal series of RV\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) and RMn\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) is given in details. This allows to gain new insights into the complex magnetic interactions, diverse single-ion magnetic anisotropies and spin dynamics in these compounds. The reported ground-state magnetic structures in RV\\(_6\\)Sn\\(_6\\) (R = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) can pave the way for further explorations of the possible interplay between magnetism and topologically non-trivial electron band structures in the magnetically ordered phase regime.