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This book provides a historical evaluation of banking reforms and structural changes in India over the past 25 years. Chapters cover issues in consolidation and restructuring, competition and concentration, performance evaluation in terms of cost efficiency and productivity, profitability, non-performing assets and technology use. The authors use specific regression models to measure the impact of these reforms on bank performance during this period and assess whether or not the consolidation phase is now complete. This volume will be of interest to researchers and academicians interested in the financial history of Indian Banking reforms.

Background: According to the World Health Organization, about 15 million people suffer from stroke worldwide each year. From this 15 million people, 5 million die and another 5 million are permanently disabled. Objectives :1. To assess the knowledge regarding warning signs and prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients before and after the structured teaching programme. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding warning signs and prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients. 3. To find out the association between pre-test levels of knowledge regarding warning signs and prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients with selected socio demographic variables. Materials & Methods: In order to achieve the objectives of the study, one group pre-test and post-test design with evaluative approach was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. The data was collected from 60 respondents by using a structured questionnaire. Results: During pre-test, out of 60 respondents 41 (68.3 percent) of the respondents had inadequate knowledge, 19 (31.7 percent) had moderate knowledge and none had adequate knowledge. But during post-test 39 (65.0 %) had adequate knowledge, 21(35.0 %) respondents had moderate knowledge and there was no respondent with inadequate knowledge regarding warning signs and prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients. Conclusion: This study will be helpful in improving the knowledge regarding warning signs and prevention of stroke among hypertensive patients and thereby they can lead a health-related quality of life.

Introduction: The improved nutritional status, which shown by increasing BMI and body fat percentage associated to a decrease in menarche's. This study was aimed to analyse correlation between the nutritional status with the age of menarche. Method:. Design used in this study was cross-sectional. Samples in this study were student at traditional muslim school and  were taken using purposive sampling, that was based  from inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank Correlation with significance level  α ≤ 0.05. Result: The result showed that most (73%) of the students at traditional muslim boarding school had normal nutritional status. The majority of samples  got menarche at age > 13 years old. The result showed that there was correlation between nutritional status and age of menarche (p: 0.001).  It can be concluded that the girl’s muslim boarding school with better nutritional status got earlier the age of menarche. Discussion: It is recommended to do routine evaluation about nutritional status in muslim boarding school and to pay attention about consumption since early ages so the students at traditional muslim school would not get menarche in later time.

Purpose The primary goal of this study was to assess the growth, most influential articles, countries, journals, authors, and papers published in the field of global oral cancer. Research articles on oral cancer, published between 1989 and 2022, were identified through the Web of Science database to achieve this. Methods A comprehensive dataset comprising 7,178 documents was meticulously extracted from the Web of Science, forming the basis for scientometric analysis. A refined subset of 4,901 documents was judiciously selected following a rigorous screening process for meticulous, in-depth analysis. Results The field has witnessed a remarkable publication surge, with the United States taking the lead in productivity. The journal Oral Oncology has become the foremost publication, renowned for its prolific output and widespread citation. This trend highlights the growing importance and interest in this domain, with researchers and experts worldwide contributing to the expanding body of knowledge. The United States’ dominance in productivity suggests its strong commitment to advancing research in the field, while Oral Oncology’s recognition underscores its influential role in disseminating cutting-edge findings and fostering scientific progress. Conclusion This scientometric analysis is a valuable resource for researchers, funding agencies, industry, and institutions, offering guidance and insights. Clinical trial number Not Applicable.

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Tracing and screening cases among healthcare workers are essential to overcome the spread of COVID-19. We held surveillance at the second-referral hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, to inspect the associating factors of infected HCWs. Methods: From 776 HCWs, we conducted a structured retrospective review of all COVID-19-confirmed HCWs and ones having contact with COVID-19 patients between February-July 2021. We associated general characteristics (i.e age, gender, working sites, etc) of the sample with the positive cases, analyzed the vaccination status, then did bivariate and multivariate regression logistic analyses to determine related factors putting HCWs at risk for COVID-19 infection.   Results: Bivariate analysis significantly revealed that 72.86% patients had a close contact (OR = 2.61; p<0.05), with medical staffs as the most frequent source (85.71%; OR = 2.19; p=0.033), for > 15 minutes contact duration (90%; OR = 1.1; p<0.05). Healthcare workers wearing proper PPE (N-95 and face shields) were significantly less exposed to COVID-19 (OR = 0.47; p<0.05; and OR = 0.46; p<0.05). Even fully-vaccinated samples were still prone to infection. (OR=1.25; p= 0.042). Common symptoms consisted of fever, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and vomiting (p=0.025l p=0.002; p<0.05; p=0.002). Multivariate regression logistic analysis disclosed that the use of N95 masks, contact duration >15 minutes, and the vaccine were the most influential factors (aOR = 1.72. 95% CI (1.029-2.88); aOR = 3.92. 95% CI (1.75-8.78); aOR = 0.39. 95% CI (0.13-0.82 )) Conclusions: Close contact, lack of compliance in wearing N95 masks, and unvaccinated status are risk factors for COVID-19 exposure to HCWs; thus, to achieve maximum prevention of intra-hospital transmission, the use of N-95 masks, contact avoidance, and vaccination, along with immediate tracing and strict health-protocols are all compulsory.

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Tracing and screening cases among healthcare workers are essential to overcome the spread of COVID-19. We held surveillance at the second-referral hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, to inspect the associating factors of infected HCWs. Methods: From 776 HCWs, we conducted a structured retrospective review of all COVID-19-confirmed HCWs and ones having contact with COVID-19 patients between February-July 2021. We associated general characteristics (i.e age, gender, working sites, etc) of the sample with the positive cases, analyzed the vaccination status, then did bivariate and multivariate regression logistic analyses to determine related factors putting HCWs at risk for COVID-19 infection.   Results: Bivariate analysis significantly revealed that 72.86% patients had a close contact (OR = 2.61; p<0.05), with medical staffs as the most frequent source (85.71%; OR = 2.19; p=0.033), for > 15 minutes contact duration (90%; OR = 1.1; p<0.05). Healthcare workers wearing proper PPE (N-95 and face shields) were significantly less exposed to COVID-19 (OR = 0.47; p<0.05; and OR = 0.46; p<0.05). Even fully-vaccinated samples were still prone to infection. (OR=1.25; p= 0.042). Common symptoms consisted of fever, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and vomiting (p=0.025l p=0.002; p<0.05; p=0.002). Multivariate regression logistic analysis disclosed that the use of N95 masks, contact duration >15 minutes, and the vaccine were the most influential factors (aOR = 1.72. 95% CI (1.029-2.88); aOR = 3.92. 95% CI (1.75-8.78); aOR = 0.39. 95% CI (0.13-0.82 )) Conclusions: Close contact, lack of compliance in wearing N95 masks, and unvaccinated status are risk factors for COVID-19 exposure to HCWs; thus, to achieve maximum prevention of intra-hospital transmission, the use of N-95 masks, contact avoidance, and vaccination, along with immediate tracing and strict health-protocols are all compulsory.

Abstract This article examined the issues related to corporate governance in foreign firms working in India. The three questions examined are: What is the nature of corporate governance in terms of board size, independence and quality of its functioning or its effectiveness? Does board independence and size of the board show difference in compliance with corporate governance? What is the relationship between corporate governance and firms’ performance? These three questions are examined with reference to board size, board composition, board independence, conduct of the board and its committees. The data relate to the period from 2005–2006 to 2011–2012 for 42 foreign firms listed in the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The analysis is based on compliance of the firms with corporate governance mandatory requirements. The degree of compliance with corporate governance is fairly good. Majority of the firms fulfilled the mandatory requirements in all sub-indices of the clause.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYARI are among the leading cause of death in under five child but prevention, treatment and especially diagnosis and attribution are difficult and uncertain, because community studies of children mortality depend largely on verbal autopsies, where knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers are important. In rural areas, lack of basic health service, lack of awareness, and other associated factors like overcrowding, environmental factors, poverty, indoor air pollution are responsible factors. The investigator undertook the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of Tulsi leaf steam inhalation regarding home remedy to relieve acute rhinitis among children in selected Community area at Bangalore. The data was collected from 40 respondents before and after administering Tulsi leaf steam inhalation. Probability simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMTHE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY WERE:1. To determine the degree of acute rhinitis symptom before Tulsi leaf steam inhalation among children.2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Tulsi leaf steam inhalation regarding home remedy to relieve acute rhinitis among children.3. To compare the pre-test and post-test level of acute rhinitis among children.4. To determine the association between pre intervention degree of acute rhinitis with their selected socio-demographic variables.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:-The conceptual framework is based on LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY’S GENERAL SYSTEM MODEL.THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES FORMULATED WERE:-H1: There will be a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test assessment on symptoms of acute rhinitis.H2: There will be a significant association between pre-test assessment symptoms with their selected socio demographic variable.METHODOLOGYAn evaluative research approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of Tulsi leaf steam inhalation regarding home remedy to relieve acute rhinitis among children in selected community area at Bangalore. The research design for the study was pre- experimental One group Pre-test and post-test design. Sample of 40 children were selected for the study using probability purposive sampling technique.The tool for data collection was validated by the experts and the reliability was established using spearman rank correlation formula. Pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the study following which the main study was done. Ethical and legal parameters were taken into consideration throughout the study.Modified CARIFS scale was used to collect data prior to intervention. Then Tulsi leaf steam inhalation was administered twice a day for duration of 10- 15 minutes and continues for 3 consecutive days. Post-test level of acute rhinitis was assessing after 3 days by using the same scale.The data collected were analysed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics.MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WEREThe findings of the study showed that pre-test level of acute rhinitis among children were found out to be as no problem is nil, 4 (10%) had minor problem , 12 (30%) had moderate problem and 24 (60%) had severe problem. And the maximum score was 18, range was 3-14, mean was 9.65 and SD 3.13 with mean percentage of 53.6.

A major perspective of the Reserve Bank of India's banking policy is to encourage competition, consolidate and restructure the system for financial stability. Mergers and acquisitions have emerged as one of the common methods of consolidation, restructuring and strengthening of banks. There are several theoretical justifications to analyse the M&A activities, like change in management, change in control, substantial acquisition, consolidation of the firms, merger or buyout of subsidiaries for size and efficiency, etc. The objective here is to examine the performance of banks after mergers. The hypothesis that there is no significant improvement after mergers is accepted in majority of cases—there are a few exceptions though. Therefore, the strategy of M&A to consolidate banks for purposes of efficiency seems flawed. Future banking policy must take note of this empirical reality and long-drawn experience of the past two decades.

The soundness of the financial system is one of the fundamentals for measuring the financial health of an economy. The Indian banking system has witnessed a series of reforms over the past two decades. The rationale for reform was to bring about the spirit of competitive efficiency in the financial sector. And to say, economic reforms in the real sectors of the economy will fail to realize their full potential without a parallel reform of the financial sector. Financial sector reforms are, therefore, a necessary concomitant of trade and industrial policy liberalization so that the competitive spirit and efficiency in the real economy could be ushered.One such aspect of the reforms process has been consolidation as a large number of banks have been merged, amalgamated or restructured. The main aspects of consolidation of firms in an industry are to enjoy the economies of scale, ability to earn more revenue and the potentials for tax gains, which thereby maximize shareholder’s value. There is no definite or particular reason for bank consolidation trend. Rather, it is the result of a combination of internal and external factors that affect the operational environment of banks. Although certain objectives underlie the reforms processes, rehabilitation of the existing banks with various restructuring measures was the main thrust of the financial sector reforms. So, analyzing the positions of banks in the post reforms period would be interesting and necessary. A brief overview of the Indian financial system before and after reforms will serve to clarify the scope of bank consolidation and its impact in the Indian banking sector.