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Northern Andean volcanism is characterized by an intense Quaternary activity, whose onshore deposits have partly covered Mio‐Pliocene products associated with the early development of the arc, making it difficult to obtain an exhaustive catalog of past eruptions. To improve our knowledge of the largest eruptions that occurred in the Northern Andean arc, we analyzed several cores from drilling sites off Ecuador to seek tephra records. We characterize for the first time the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of tephra beds recorded in the southern part of the Panamá Basin in the sediments of DSDP and ODP drilling Sites 504, 677, 678, 1238, 1239 and 1240. We show that products of at least 27 major eruptions from the Northern Andes have reached the Pacific Ocean since the Early Pliocene, and we have correlated 11 of them between several drilling sites. Products of the oldest volcanism had mainly rhyolitic compositions belonging to a High‐K calc‐alkaline magmatic series, whereas magmas display more heterogeneous SiO2 and K2O contents from the beginning of the Pleistocene. Correlations established in this work allow us to provide new temporal constraints to age models of sedimentary sequences of Sites 677, 1238 and 1240 constructed based on biostratigraphy. In addition, we show that sediments of ODP Site 1240, the closest to the Galápagos islands, recorded several Pleistocene rhyolitic eruptions associated with the hotspot's activity, possibly revealing past oceanic ridge‐hotspot interactions.

Volcanic material preserved in marine and lacustrine sediments is a key high‐resolution archive for studying the past eruptive history of volcanic regions. In this work, we use the geochemical and isotopic compositions of marine volcanic glass shards, the thicknesses, and age models of tephra layers preserved in the deep sediments of the eastern equatorial Pacific, to study their volcanic source, the long‐term evolution of volcanism, and its relationship with the regional geodynamics. We highlight that explosive eruptions associated with the Galápagos hotspot occurred in the Late Miocene and Early Pleistocene, which may reflect plume‐ridge interplays. We also show that the oldest products of the Northern Andean arc were deposited at ∼4.8 Ma, shortly before the extinction of volcanic activity in northern Peru‐southern Ecuador, due to the gradual flattening of the slab. The eruptive activity, apparently restricted to the Eastern Cordillera of Ecuador during the Pliocene, intensified and expanded from 2 Ma, with products of more varied compositions reflecting the construction of stratovolcanoes. This increase in volcanic activity, coeval with episodes of uplift of the Coastal Cordillera and with the development of the regional fault system that accommodates crustal deformations, may reflect the presence under the Ecuadorian Andes of the young Nazca oceanic crust, which carries the Carnegie Ridge. Finally, our results suggest that tephra of the Northern Andean arc recorded in sediments of the Panamá Basin were essentially emplaced by Plinian eruptions of a VEI‐5‐6 (Volcanic Explosivity Index), except one VEI‐7 caldera‐forming eruption, which occurred at 216 ± 5 ka.

Provenance of pre‐obduction Eocene turbidites from New Caledonia is used to better constrain their geodynamic context and inform debate on subduction polarity. Chemical compositions of detrital clinopyroxenes in arenites are compared against potential sources. Basaltic source modeling using cpx/rock partition coefficients confirms E‐MORB origins from the allochthonous Poya Terrane. Detrital zircon populations in the Bourail Flysch are similar to those of the autochthonous Upper Cretaceous sedimentary cover. In contrast, a predominance of early Eocene zircons in the Nepoui‐Koumac Flysch suggests derivation from the supra‐subduction dyke system of the Peridotite Nappe. Results were compared with other arenite components (bioclasts, oxides, sulfides, zircon) and whole‐rock compositions of rock fragments and blocks of the breccia/olistostrome in the upper part of the turbidites. Together, the data set allows identification of multiple successive sources and processes. A syntectonic character for the flysch basins is inferred from the pre‐turbidite unconformity and provenance evolution. An abundance of shallow‐water bioclasts throughout the succession indicates the formation and continuous destruction of a rimming carbonate platform. The existence of two previously identified types of turbidite basins is confirmed by the characteristics of the Bourail (foreland) and the Nepoui‐Koumac (wedge‐top) flysch successions. These basins were located on the northern Norfolk Ridge (lower plate) and ultramafic allochthon (accretionary wedge), respectively, representing elements of a foreland basin. These observations are inconsistent with a hypothesized connection between New Caledonia and a continent‐directed Pacific subduction zone. Together with all available geologic data, the results of this investigation confirm the model of northeast‐ or east‐dipping pre‐obduction subduction.

Trace element partitioning between minerals and liquids provides crucial constraints on igneous processes. We quantified trace element concentrations in clinopyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts and their phonolite melt inclusions from the 2007–08 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania), and report Cpx-melt partition coefficients (D) and corresponding partitioning equations for rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) in alkaline magmas. Heavy REE (HREE: Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) are enriched relative to middle REE in alkaline Cpx and display a specific partitioning behavior that is characteristic of alkaline systems. HFSE (Ti, Zr, Hf) and HREE have similar D values (DHf = 0.25; DLu = 0.4) that are significantly higher than MREE (DSm = 0.06). High DHREE/DMREE are strongly correlated with the high values of DZr and DHf relative to the low DMREE values. In this study, REE partitioning between phonolite melt and Cpx is not consistent with standard models assuming incorporation of all REE in the Cpx M2 site, but rather highlights HREE substitution in both the M1 and M2 sites. Here we highlight the preferential incorporation of HREE in the VI-coordinated M1 site, whereas light REE and MREE remain mostly distributed in the VIII-coordinated M2 site. REE partitioning is strongly dependent on Cpx chemistry: the ideal ionic radius and HREE incorporation in the M1 site increase with increasing Fe3+ content and decrease with increasing Mg2+ and AlVI content. In our study, we focus on alkaline evolved magmas, and update existing models to obtain adequate DHREE for alkaline evolved melts. We provide equations to quantify REE and HFSE partitioning, and HREE enrichment in Cpx that are based on Cpx major element composition and temperature. We propose a new model based on the lattice strain approach that predicts HREE partitioning between Cpx and alkaline magmas. The knowledge of the melt composition or of the trace element contents is not required to obtain DREE from the new model. An improved parameterization of HFSE partitioning between Cpx and phonolite and trachy–phonolite melts is also provided herein. We discuss the potential implications of the new data on our understanding of REE deposits that are commonly associated with igneous alkaline complexes.

In September 2017, after more than a hundred years of quiescence, Ambae (Aoba), Vanuatu’s largest volcano, entered a new phase of eruptive activity, triggering the evacuation of the island’s 11,000 inhabitants resulting in the largest volcanic disaster in the country’s history. Three subsequent eruptive phases in November 2017, March 2018, and July 2018 expelled some of the largest tropospheric and stratospheric SO2 clouds observed in the last decade. Here, we investigate the mechanisms and dynamics of this eruption. We use major elements, trace elements, and volatiles in olivine and clinopyroxene hosted melt inclusions, embayments, crystals, and matrix glasses together with clinopyroxene geobarometry and olivine, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene geothermometry to reconstruct the physical and chemical evolution of the magma, as it ascends to the surface. Volatile elements in melt inclusions and geobarometry data suggest that the magma originated from depth of ~ 14 km before residing at shallow (~ 0.5 to 3 km) levels. Magma ascent to the surface was likely facilitated by shallow phreatic eruptions that opened a pathway for magma to ascend. Succeeding eruptive phases are characterised by increasingly primitive compositions with evidence of small amounts of mixing having taken place. Mg–Fe exchange diffusion modelling yields olivine residence times in the magma chamber ranging from a few days to a year prior to eruption. Diffusion modelling of volatiles along embayments (melt channels) from the first two phases of activity and microlite number density suggests rapid magma ascent in the range of 15–270 km/h, 4–75 m/s (decompression rates of 0.1 to ~ 2 MPa/s) corresponding to a short travel time between the top of the shallow reservoir and the surface of less than 2 min.

Timescales of magma transfer and differentiation processes can be estimated when the magma differentiation mechanism is known. When conventional major and trace element analyses fail to distinguish between various processes of magma differentiation, isotope compositions can be useful. Lower Th isotope ratios in silicic relative to basaltic magmas at a given volcano could result from magma storage over a period of several tens of thousands of years, or if the differentiation process was fractional crystallization alone, or from crustal anatexis on a much shorter timescale. Recently mapped bimodal tephra layers from Mt. Hekla, Iceland, confirm lower ( 230 Th/ 232 Th) and higher Th/U in silicic versus mafic magmas. Higher Th/U has been taken to indicate either apatite fractionation or partial crustal melting. In situ trace element analysis of apatite and the enveloping glass in basaltic andesite, dacite and rhyolite was undertaken to examine its capacity to fractionate trace elements and their ratios. Both Th and U are compatible in apatite with a partition coefficient ratio D U / D Th of 1. Hence, apatite crystallization and separation from the melt has a negligible effect on Th/U in Hekla magmas. Partial melting of hydrothermally altered crust remains the preferred mechanism for producing silicic melt beneath Hekla. Ten to twenty percent partial melting of metabasaltic crust with 0.4–1.2 wt% H 2 O produces dacite magma with 4–6% water. Absence of low δ 18 O values in Hekla magmas compared to silicic magmas of the rift zones suggests mild hydration of the hydrothermally altered crust. Silicic magma formation, storage, differentiation and eruption at Hekla occurred over a timescale of less than a few centuries. Decreasing production of rhyolite and dacite during the Holocene lifetime of Hekla suggests changes in the crustal magma source and readjustment of the magma system with time.

Tephra layers preserved in marine sediments are strong tools to study the frequency, magnitude and source of past major explosive eruptions. Thirty‐seven volcanoes from the Ecuadorian and Colombian arc, in the northern Andes, experienced at least one eruption during the Holocene. The volcanic hazard is therefore particularly high for the populated areas of the Andes and in particular cases for the coastal region, and it is crucial to document such events to improve hazard assessment. The age and distribution of deposits from major Holocene eruptions have been studied in the Cordillera, but no descriptions of distal fallouts have been published. In this study, we focused on 28 Holocene tephra layers recorded in marine sediment cores collected along the northern Ecuador—Southern Colombia margin. New lithological, geochemical and isotope data together with 14C datings on foraminifers allow us to determine the age and volcanic source of marine tephra, and to propose a first land‐sea correlation of distal tephra fallouts. We show that at least seven explosive eruptions from Guagua Pichincha, Atacazo‐Ninahuilca, Cotopaxi, and Cerro Machín volcanoes left tephra deposits recorded in marine cores over 250 km away from their source. Volume estimates of emitted tephra range between 1.3 and 6.0 km3 for the tenth century Guagua Pichincha, ∼5 ka Atacazo‐Ninahuilca, ∼6.7 and ∼7.9 ka Cotopaxi events, suggesting that they were eruptions of Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5. The distribution of these deposits also brings new constraints for a better evaluation of the volcanic hazard in Ecuador. Plain Language Summary During major explosive eruptions, large volumes of gases and tephra (lapilli and ash particles) are thrown into the atmosphere and can be spread by winds over 100 km and more. Tephra fallouts can impact the population, infrastructures and climate. It is therefore essential to document the age and magnitude of past major eruptions to better assess the volcanic hazards. In this study, we use the mineralogy, glass shard morphology, and the geochemical composition of tephra settled in marine sediments off Ecuador and Colombia to investigate their source. Thickness of tephra layers and radiocarbon ages performed on under‐ and over‐lying marine fauna allow us to determine the age of the eruptions, whereas the distribution of tephra yields constraints on the volume of fallout deposits. We show that the largest explosive eruptions from Ecuadorian and Colombian volcanoes reached the Pacific Ocean with a recurrence rate of about 1.5 events per millennium over the past 8 kyr. Key Points We propose a first land‐sea correlation of distal Holocene tephra off Ecuador based on 14C age and geochemical data Products from at least seven explosive Holocene eruptions in Ecuador and south Colombia reached the Pacific Ocean Volumes of tephra emitted by largest eruptions vary between 1.3 and 6.0 km3, suggesting they were VEI‐5 eruptions

Since 2018, the submarine east flank of Mayotte Island (Comoros archipelago) is the site of a major eruption located at 3.5 km depth bsl on a WNW-ESE volcanic ridge. Samples brought by oceanographic cruises carried out to monitor this seismo-volcanic crisis indicate that this volcanic ridge is built by a bimodal sodic alkaline magmatic series that includes basanites and phonolites. A petrological study of dredged samples allowed us to image the magmatic system feeding the volcanic ridge and to determine the link between basanitic and phonolitic magmas. The magmatic system feeding the volcanic ridge comprises multiple levels of magma storage. Basanitic magmas generated at 80–100 km mantle depth are stored in two or more deep reservoirs (≥ 37 km) and then in shallower basanitic and phonolitic lenses located close to the Moho interface before rising the surface. This study identifies three possible scenarios: (1) the deep basanitic magma rises directly and quickly to the surface from the deep mantle reservoir (as is currently happening 60 km offshore), (2) the basanitic magma stalls in a shallower reservoir near the Moho before resuming its ascent toward the surface and erupting as porphyritic basanite, (3) the basanitic magma stops and evolves to phonolite in these sub-crustal reservoirs. The phonolitic lavas are produced by approximately 80% fractional crystallization (34% clinopyroxene, 30% anorthoclase feldspar, 15.5% magnetite, 12.5% olivine, 5% apatite and 4% ilmenite) of a hydrous basanitic magma at mantle depths (P > 0.6 GPa) under reduced oxygen fugacity (~ FMQ-1). In this third scenario, the phonolitic magma might be reactivated by the arrival of a new batch of deeper basanitic magma.

We experimentally determined F and Cl partition coefficients together with that of 19 trace elements (including REE, U-Th, HFSE and LILE) between basaltic melt and lherzolite minerals: olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and garnet. Under conditions from 8 to 25 kbars and from 1,265 to 1,430°C, compatibilities of F and Cl are globally ordered as D Cpx/melt  >  D Opx/melt  >  D Grt/melt  >  D Ol/melt  >  D Plag/melt , and D F mineral/melt is larger than D Cl mineral/melt . Four other major results were brought to light. (1) Chlorine partition coefficients positively correlate with the jadeite component in orthopyroxene, and increase of the CaTs component promotes Cl incorporation in clinopyroxene. (2) Variations of fluorine partition coefficients correlate strongly with melt viscosity. (3) F and Cl partition coefficients correlate with the Young’s modulus ( E 0 ) of pyroxene octahedral sites (M sites) and with Raman vibrational modes of pyroxenes. This demonstrates a fundamental interaction between the M site of pyroxenes and the incorporation of F and Cl. (4) We also determined the parameters of the lattice-strain model applied to 3+ cation trace elements for the two M sites in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene: D 0 M 1,  D 0 M 2,  r 0 M1 ,  r 0 M2 ,  E 0 M1 and E 0 M2 .

The recurrent explosive eruptions of Calbuco (Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ)) threat a rapidly expanding touristic and economic region of Chile. Providing tighter constraints on its magmatic system is therefore important for better monitoring its activity. Calbuco is also distinguished by hornblende-bearing assemblages that contrast with the anhydrous parageneses of most Central SVZ volcanoes. Here we build on previous work to propose a detailed petrological model of the magmatic system beneath Calbuco. Geochemical data acquired on a hundred samples collected in the four units of the volcano show no secular compositional change indicating a steady magmatic system since ~ 300 ka. A tholeiitic Al2O3-rich (20 wt. %) basalt (Mg# = 0.59) is the parent magma of a differentiation trend straddling the tholeiitic/calc-alkaline fields and displaying a narrow compositional Daly gap. Amphibole crystallization was enabled by the higher H2O content of the basalt (3–3.5 wt. % H2O at 50 wt. % SiO2) compared to neighboring volcanoes. This characteristic is inherited from the primary mantle melt and possibly results from a lower degree of partial melting induced by the mantle wedge thermal structure. Although macrocrysts are not all in chemical equilibrium with their host rocks and were thus presumably unlocked from the zoned crystal mush and transported in the carrier melt, the bulk-rock trend follows both experimental liquid lines of descent and the chemical trend of calculated melts in equilibrium with amphibole (AEMs). These contradictory observations can be reconciled if minerals are transported in near cotectic proportions. The AEMs overlap the Daly gap revealing that the missing liquid compositions were present in the storage region. Geothermobarometers all indicate that the chemical diversity from basalt to dacite was acquired at a shallow depth (210–460 MPa). We suggest that differentiation from the primary magma to the parental basalt took place either in the same storage region or at the MOHO.