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This work presents the results of a geomatic survey conducted on the Anatomical Machines within the Sansevero Chapel in Naples, Italy. These anatomical artifacts have the unique characteristics of being upright standing skeletons with nearly intact circulatory systems. Previous research revealed that the intricate vascular systems, once believed to be natural, are instead elaborate reconstructions made using materials such as beeswax and dyes.In response to the lack of metric data of these models, a series of geomatic surveys has been conducted to create the Machines’ 3D models. This study discusses the theoretical and practical challenges associated with surveying these complex and fragile artifacts, emphasising the need for accurate extraction techniques to overcome the limitations imposed by the wooden cases in which they are encased. Two distinct approaches were used: a photogrammetric reconstruction and a laser scanning survey to overcome some logistical difficulties encountered. Despite the challenges, the 3D models' analysis gave satisfactory results.This work addresses the palaeopathological and anatomical questions related to the Anatomical Machines by leveraging non-invasive geomatic methodologies, shedding light on the complexities of surveying historically significant artifacts and aiming at further establishing a valuable foundation for improving these modelling techniques.

Caves have been used by humans and animals for several thousand years until present but, at these time scales, their structures can rapidly change due to erosion and concretion processes. For this reason, the availability of precise 3D models improves the data quality and quantity allowing the reconstruction of their ancient appearance, structure and origin. However, caves are usually characterised by lack of light, high percentage of relative humidity, narrow spaces and complex morphology. Thus, quite often the traditional topographic instruments cannot be employed. In the La Sassa cave (Sonnino, Italy) a huge deposit ranging from Pleistocene to the Second World War has been found and stratigraphic evidence suggested that the shape of the cave and its entrance might have been different. In this paper, the fusion of the internal and external 3D photogrammetric models of the La Sassa, made to support the archaeological excavations, is presented, A Nikon camera with a fisheye lens and a smartphone camera have been used to survey the internal part of the cave, while an aerial drone has been employed for the external area. The two models have been georeferenced and scaled using GCPs acquired by a double frequency GNSS (GPS and GLONASS) receiver. A low-resolution DTM derived from a previous aerial laser scanning survey and the 3D models have been elaborated in CloudCompare environment to highlight the complete morphology of the cave and its surroundings.

Sometimes, the georeferencing of a cave in the global reference system can be challenging. Some difficulties may arise when narrow passages do not allow the use of classical topographic equipment or a terrestrial laser scanner. In these specific cases, the surveyor can employ a visual-based approach to produce both the followed path and the 3D model of the hypogeum. The report we are presenting is the result of a survey in the Guattari cave carried out using images taken by a Huawei P9 mobile phone and a Nikon D800E camera with a 16 mm fisheye lens. Several targets were measured in order to contain the deformation of the models. Three GCPs located just outside the cave have been used to georeference the models. The data have been acquired by a double frequency GNSS receiver in static session mode. The comparison between the two models shows a substantial concordance only in the area outside the cave where the GCPs were measured. In the innermost areas, the two models differ by as much as two meters.

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are intensifying under climate change, posing serious threats to the conservation of cultural heritage in historic cities. This study presents a deep learning framework for forecasting land surface temperature (LST) at high temporal resolution, aimed at supporting thermal risk mitigation in heritage-sensitive urban environments. Using hourly LST data from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS), we developed a custom autoregressive Transformer model capable of predicting 72 future hourly temperature values based on the previous 168 hours of satellite observations. The model follows an encoder-decoder architecture: the encoder processes the full input sequence with spatial and temporal embeddings, while the decoder generates the forecast step-by-step, leveraging past predictions. We applied our approach to the city of Florence, Italy, using available data from the years 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024. The model was evaluated on the four summer months (June 2021, July 2022, August 2023 and September 2024) achieving a minimum MAE of 0.81 °C and confirming its applicability for extreme heat forecasting.

A MW 6.3 earthquake struck on April 6, 2009 the Abruzzi region (central Italy) producing vast damage in the L'Aquila town and surroundings. In this paper we present the location and geometry of the fault system as obtained by the analysis of main shock and aftershocks recorded by permanent and temporary networks. The distribution of aftershocks, 712 selected events with ML ≥ 2.3 and 20 with ML ≥ 4.0, defines a complex, 40 km long, NW trending extensional structure. The main shock fault segment extends for 15–18 km and dips at 45° to the SW, between 10 and 2 km depth. The extent of aftershocks coincides with the surface trace of the Paganica fault, a poorly known normal fault that, after the event, has been quoted to accommodate the extension of the area. We observe a migration of seismicity to the north on an echelon fault that can rupture in future large earthquakes.

Light-by-light scattering (γγ right arrow γγ) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead ions. Using 480 μb−1 of lead–lead collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV by the ATLAS detector, here we report evidence for light-by-light scattering. A total of 13 candidate events were observed with an expected background of 2.6 ± 0.7 events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross-section of the process Pb + Pb (γγ) right arrow Pb(∗) + Pb(∗)γγ, for photon transverse energy ET > 3 GeV, photon absolute pseudorapidity |η| < 2.4, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be 70 ± 24 (stat.) ± 17 (syst.) nb, which is in agreement with the standard model predictions.

Entanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics 1 – 3 , with applications in fields such as metrology, cryptography, quantum information and quantum computation 4 – 8 . It has been observed in a wide variety of systems and length scales, ranging from the microscopic 9 – 13 to the macroscopic 14 – 16 . However, entanglement remains largely unexplored at the highest accessible energy scales. Here we report the highest-energy observation of entanglement, in top–antitop quark events produced at the Large Hadron Collider, using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √ s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 inverse femtobarns (fb) −1 recorded with the ATLAS experiment. Spin entanglement is detected from the measurement of a single observable D , inferred from the angle between the charged leptons in their parent top- and antitop-quark rest frames. The observable is measured in a narrow interval around the top–antitop quark production threshold, at which the entanglement detection is expected to be significant. It is reported in a fiducial phase space defined with stable particles to minimize the uncertainties that stem from the limitations of the Monte Carlo event generators and the parton shower model in modelling top-quark pair production. The entanglement marker is measured to be D  = −0.537 ± 0.002 (stat.) ± 0.019 (syst.) for 340 GeV < m t t ¯ < 380 GeV . The observed result is more than five standard deviations from a scenario without entanglement and hence constitutes the first observation of entanglement in a pair of quarks and the highest-energy observation of entanglement so far. Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √ s   = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb −1 .

This paper presents the electron and photon energy calibration achieved with the ATLAS detector using about 25 fb - 1 of LHC proton–proton collision data taken at centre-of-mass energies of s = 7 and 8 TeV. The reconstruction of electron and photon energies is optimised using multivariate algorithms. The response of the calorimeter layers is equalised in data and simulation, and the longitudinal profile of the electromagnetic showers is exploited to estimate the passive material in front of the calorimeter and reoptimise the detector simulation. After all corrections, the Z resonance is used to set the absolute energy scale. For electrons from Z decays, the achieved calibration is typically accurate to 0.05 % in most of the detector acceptance, rising to 0.2 % in regions with large amounts of passive material. The remaining inaccuracy is less than 0.2–1 % for electrons with a transverse energy of 10 GeV, and is on average 0.3 % for photons. The detector resolution is determined with a relative inaccuracy of less than 10 % for electrons and photons up to 60 GeV transverse energy, rising to 40 % for transverse energies above 500 GeV.

A bstract The ATLAS experiment at the LHC has measured the Higgs boson couplings and mass, and searched for invisible Higgs boson decays, using multiple production and decay channels with up to 4.7 fb −1 of pp collision data at s = 7 TeV and 20.3 fb −1 at s = 8 TeV. In the current study, the measured production and decay rates of the observed Higgs boson in the γγ, ZZ , W W , Z γ, bb , τ τ , and μμ decay channels, along with results from the associated production of a Higgs boson with a top-quark pair, are used to probe the scaling of the couplings with mass. Limits are set on parameters in extensions of the Standard Model including a composite Higgs boson, an additional electroweak singlet, and two-Higgs-doublet models. Together with the measured mass of the scalar Higgs boson in the γγ and ZZ decay modes, a lower limit is set on the pseudoscalar Higgs boson mass of m A > 370 GeV in the “hMSSM” simplified Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Results from direct searches for heavy Higgs bosons are also interpreted in the hMSSM. Direct searches for invisible Higgs boson decays in the vector-boson fusion and associated production of a Higgs boson with W/Z ( Z → ℓℓ, W/Z → jj ) modes are statistically combined to set an upper limit on the Higgs boson invisible branching ratio of 0.25. The use of the measured visible decay rates in a more general coupling fit improves the upper limit to 0.23, constraining a Higgs portal model of dark matter.

This paper illustrates the activities of EMERSITO, an emergency task force of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italy) devoted to site effects and microzonation studies during the seismic sequence that occurred close to the Adriatic coast in central Italy starting from 9 November 2022, following the Mw 5.5 mainshock localized in the sea. In particular, we describe the steps that led to the deployment of a temporary network of seismic stations in the urban area of Ancona, the main city of the Adriatic coastline. Data collected by the temporary Ancona network (identification code 6N; 10.13127/sd/qctgd6c-3a, EMERSITO Working Group, 2024) from November 2022 to the end of February 2023 have been preliminary analyzed with different techniques to characterize the deployment sites and are now available for further and detailed studies.