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العلم والمشتغلون بالبحث العلمي في المجتمع الحديث
يتناول كتاب (العلم والمشتغلون بالبحث العلمي في المجتمع الحديث) لمؤلفه (جون ب. ديكنسون) مواضيع كثير تتعلق بالباحثين والبحث العلمي عموما. ويستعرض الكتاب في طياته المحتويات التالية : الفصل الأول : البحث العلمي في المنظور المعاصر : العلماء والجمهور، الفصل الثاني : السمات المميزة للبحث العلمي، الفصل الثالث : مهنة البحث العلمي : الإعداد لها وممارستها، الفصل الرابع : الباحث العلمي كباحث مهنة، الفصل الخامس : الباحث العلمي كمواطن، الفصل السادس : الباحث العلمي والمستقبل، الذيول \"أ-ب-ج\" اشتملوا على مجموعة من القوانين والإعلانات الخاصة بالبحث العلمي وكل ما يتعلق به.
Book
Start SPREADing the News: Biosensors Detect Ripples of Extracellular Signal–regulated Kinase Signaling in Airway Epithelial Cells
Chronic lung diseases, such as severe asthma and COPD, are characterized by airway mucous cell metaplasia, leading to airway obstruction and increased susceptibility to exacerbations. Understanding the interaction between the airway epithelium, inflammatory cytokines, and pathogens is crucial. Single-cell RNA sequencing has identified specific cell subtypes and disease-associated differentiation trajectories. ERK signaling plays a role in proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent work using ERK biosensors in airway epithelial cells suggests a potential role in chronic airway diseases. Inflammatory cytokines induce spatiotemporal ERK signaling patterns, affecting cell barrier permeability. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between ERK signaling and the innate immune response. The use of biosensors may lead to a better understanding of airway epithelial signaling in health and disease.
Journal Article
Interprofessional education and training
\"Collaborative working is on the rise in social work and health care these days, especially in complicated areas such as safeguarding children, working with community mental health services, and providing services for the elderly or disabled children. But collaborative working brings with it a number of practical difficulties. This book focuses on interprofessional education (IPE), which is generally seen as a key solution to those difficulties. It provides a thorough introduction to IPE in health care and social work and examines research evidence in detail, providing essential practical advice.\" --Publisher's website.
Book
Brain microenvironment orchestrates highly aggressive tumor variants: current trends and therapeutic approaches
Brain tumors exhibit some of the major challenges in the field of oncology owing to their highly heterogeneous, complex, and aggressive nature. The complex anatomy and aggressiveness of the cancer contribute to high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Moreover, the complexity of genetic mutations and dysregulation molecular processes often culminates into treatment resistance. Consequently, brain tumors have become a serious threat to patients’ lives and overall health. Although advancements in the treatment strategies have been made, but the current knowledge amounts to a drop in the ocean, and many patients still struggling with the disease and exhibit poor prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to rigorously expand and fasten the ongoing research to address this clinical challenge. This review explores the components of the brain microenvironment that influence tumor homing and progression toward the aggressive phenotype, with the special emphasis on how these pathways could be therapeutically targeted. The complex milieu of brain niche is further amplified by the infiltrating immune cells, which reshape the brain connectome through novel interactions with resident brain cells. We also discuss the different targeted chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and combinatorial strategies to limit brain metastasis, which currently has limited therapeutic options. Therefore, this review will discuss all the aspects of brain tumor microenvironment (TME), current strategies, and futuristic insights. We will be discussing the individual components of the tumor microenvironment like BBB, stem cells, astrocytes, immune cells, and non-cellular components like ECM. Further, we also shed some light on current therapies and future strategies targeting these microenvironment components.
Journal Article
Optoelectronic Plethysmography in Clinical Practice and Research: A Review
Background: Optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) is a non-invasive motion capture method to measure chest wall movements and estimate lung volumes. Objectives: To provide an overview of the clinical findings and research applications of OEP in the assessment of breathing mechanics across populations of healthy and diseased individuals. Methods: A bibliographic research was performed with the terms “opto-electronic plethysmography,” “optoelectronic plethysmography,” and “optoelectronic plethysmograph” in 50 digital library and bibliographic search databases resulting in the selection of 170 studies. Results: OEP has been extensively employed in studies looking at chest wall kinematics and volume changes in chest wall compartments in healthy subjects in relation to age, gender, weight, posture, and different physiological conditions. In infants, OEP has been demonstrated to be a tool to assess disease severity and the response to pharmacological interventions. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, OEP has been used to test if patients can dynamically hyperinflate or deflate their lungs during exercise. In neuromuscular patients, respiratory muscle strength and chest kinematics have been analyzed. A widespread application of OEP is in tailoring post-operative pulmonary rehabilitation as well as in monitoring volume increases and muscle contributions during exercise. Conclusions: OEP is an accurate and validated method of measuring lung volumes and chest wall movements. OEP is an appropriate alternative method to monitor and analyze respiratory patterns in children, adults, and patients with respiratory diseases. OEP may be used in the future to contribute to improvements in the therapeutic strategies for respiratory conditions.
Journal Article
The Cyril Scott companion : unity in diversity
This Companion explores the life and work of this remarkably creative man. It provides a comprehensive analysis and appraisal of all the available music and includes a complete catalogue of his musical works, along with a discography. Several works...both music and literary are here newly catalogued and discussed. Altogether, the volume gives a broad picture of Scott's entire output in literary, dramatic and philosophical genres.--Publisher
Book
Agreement Between a Pre-Markered T-Shirt and Manual Marker Placement for Opto-Electronic Plethysmography (OEP) Measures
Opto-electronic plethysmography (OEP) is used to measure chest wall compartment volumes and their synchronisation. Breathing pattern disorder (BPD) can be distinguished using the phase angles between these chest wall compartments during exercise. However, the time taken to manually place the standard OEP model involving 89 reflective markers is high during clinical application. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a pre-markered T-shirt instead of markers applied directly to the skin at rest, during different exercise intensities and recovery. Thirty-nine healthy participants (24 male, 15 female) aged 18–40 years performed an incremental cycling test with the skin-mounted OEP marker set. Participants then repeated the same cycling test with a pre-markered T-shirt. Across all test conditions, the T-shirt showed a strong level of agreement (Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ≥ 0.9) with the standard breath-by-breath (BbB) gas analyser. Moreover, ICC values exceeded 0.8 for compartment contributions across all test conditions, indicating excellent agreement with the skin-mounted markers. The phase angles between compartments showed the best agreement during the moderate exercise level (0.6 < ICC < 0.8). In conclusion, the pre-markered T-shirt presents a viable solution for the quick monitoring of breathing patterns, as well as an effective tool in diagnosing BPD during exercise.
Journal Article
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: promising advances and remaining challenges
A significant number of patients with PAH have symptoms for >2 years before diagnosis.5 Furthermore, the mean pulmonary artery pressure among the participants in the ABMITION trial, which focused on incident PAH, was about 49 mm Hg, reflecting a missed gap for earlier diagnosis.6 One barrier to earlier diagnosis is the non-specific symptoms associated with PAH onset which overlap with symptoms of other cardiopulmonary diseases. Recent advances in MRI using hyperpolarized 129Xe gas and dynamic spectroscopy showed promising results with the ability to identify unique signatures for PAH, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and left heart failure, and have the potential to be used as a possible non-invasive sensitive probe for earlier diagnosis.7 Deshwal1 correctly point out that PAH risk stratification is a powerful management tool that is still underutilized partly due to the multitude and complexity of scoring systems.8 REVEAL Lite 2, an abridged version of REVEAL 2.0, may mitigate some potential barriers of risk assessment in clinical practice by only using six non-invasive modifiable variables that include functional class, 6 min walk distance, brain natriuretic peptide/N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide level, vital signs (systolic blood pressure and heart rate), and renal insufficiency.9 Including right ventricular imaging data may augment current risk scores as these can possibly predict disease progression in seemingly clinically stable patients.10 More recently, risk stratification using Bayesian analysis was used to develop the Pulmonary Hypertension Outcomes Risk Assessment with improved discrimination of risk stratification that outperformed REVEAL 2.0.11 Risk stratification strategy can inform PAH clinical trials to ensure balanced randomization, to serve as a meaningful primary end point, and to help clinical trials enrichment to reduce sample size, trial length, and cost.12 The area of therapeutics continues to evolve with several advances in treatment options and delivery methods. Intravenous selexipag was recently approved as a bridge for patients on oral selexipag who are temporarily unable to take oral therapy.13 A fully implantable system for treprostinil delivery can potentially improve the quality of life of patients with PAH.14 INSPIRE and BREEZE trials (NCT03950739) are offering inhaled treprostinil in a dry powder formulation through newer delivery systems that are more portable and convenient to patients with PAH.15 A phase II/III study is currently evaluating a once-daily inhaled soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator (MK-5475-007) in patients with PAH (NCT04732221).
Journal Article
Neutralization of IL-33 modifies the type 2 and type 3 inflammatory signature of viral induced asthma exacerbation
Background
Respiratory viral infections are one of the leading causes of need for emergency care and hospitalizations in asthmatic individuals, and airway-secreted cytokines are released within hours of viral infection to initiate these exacerbations. IL-33, specifically, contributes to these allergic exacerbations by amplifying type 2 inflammation. We hypothesized that blocking IL-33 in RSV-induced exacerbation would significantly reduce allergic inflammation.
Methods
Sensitized BALB/c mice were challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) to establish allergic inflammation, followed by RSV-A2 infection to yield four treatment groups: saline only (Saline), RSV-infected alone (RSV), OVA alone (OVA), and OVA-treated with RSV infection (OVA-RSV). Lung outcomes included lung mRNA and protein markers of allergic inflammation, histology for mucus cell metaplasia and lung immune cell influx by cytospin and flow cytometry.
Results
While thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33 were detected 6 h after RSV infection in the OVA-RSV mice, IL-23 protein was uniquely upregulated in RSV-infected mice alone. OVA-RSV animals varied from RSV- or OVA-treated mice as they had increased lung eosinophils, neutrophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) detectable as early as 6 h after RSV infection. Neutralized IL-33 significantly reduced ILC2 and eosinophils, and the prototypical allergic proteins, IL-5, IL-13, CCL17 and CCL22 in OVA-RSV mice. Numbers of neutrophils and ILC3 were also reduced with anti-IL-33 treatment in both RSV and OVA-RSV treated animals as well.
Conclusions
Taken together, our findings indicate a broad reduction in allergic-proinflammatory events mediated by IL-33 neutralization in RSV-induced asthma exacerbation.
Journal Article