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"Dickson, Andrew"
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3D Printing of Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Using Fused Filament Fabrication—A Review
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied for the fabrication of polymer components ranging from prototypes to final products. An issue, however, is that the resulting 3D printed parts exhibit inferior mechanical performance to parts fabricated using conventional polymer processing technologies, such as compression moulding. The addition of fibres and other materials into the polymer matrix to form a composite can yield a significant enhancement in the structural strength of printed polymer parts. This review focuses on the enhanced mechanical performance obtained through the printing of fibre-reinforced polymer composites, using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique. The uses of both short and continuous fibre-reinforced polymer composites are reviewed. Finally, examples of some applications of FFF printed polymer composites using robotic processes are highlighted.
Journal Article
Technical note: Interpreting pH changes
The number and quality of ocean pH measurements have increased
substantially over the past few decades such that trends, variability, and
spatial patterns of change are now being evaluated. However, comparing pH
changes across domains with different initial pH values can be misleading
because a pH change reflects a relative change in the hydrogen ion
concentration ([H+], expressed in mol kg−1) rather than an
absolute change in [H+]. We recommend that [H+] be used in
addition to pH when describing such changes and provide three examples
illustrating why.
Journal Article
بين الدين والعلم : تاريخ الصراع بينهما في القرون الوسطى
\"بين الدين والعلم : تاريخ الصراع بينهما في القرون الوسطى\" هو كتاب من تأليف أندرو ديكسون وايت، وترجم إلى العربية بواسطة إسماعيل مظهر. يعد الكتاب من الأعمال المهمة التي تسلط الضوء على العلاقة بين الدين والعلم خلال القرون الوسطى، مقدما تحليلا لتاريخ الصراع بين هذين المجالين، يبدأ الكتاب بمقدمة تعرض خلفية تاريخية عن العلاقة بين الدين والعلم، يوضح وايت أهمية هذا الصراع لفهم تطور الفكر العلمي والديني في القرون الوسطى، يستعرض الكتاب كيف بدأ الصراع بين الدين والعلم في القرون الوسطى، مشيرا إلى الأحداث الرئيسية والشخصيات المؤثرة في هذا الصراع، يناقش الأسباب التي أدت إلى النزاع بين الدين والعلم، مثل التفسيرات الدينية للظواهر الطبيعية والاختراعات والاكتشافات العلمية التي تتعارض مع العقائد الدينية السائدة.
BOOK
STANDARDS FOR OCEAN MEASUREMENTS
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) has been involved for 50 years in promoting the close coordination needed to ensure comparability of oceanographic measurements. In particular, IOC played a key role in encouraging the development of chemical standards and reference materials for oceanic measurements. This paper briefly reviews this history, and also the early work of the author's laboratory in producing reference materials for oceanic carbon dioxide measurements. The success of the latter program in improving the state of the art of such measurements encouraged others to develop, produce, and distribute additional reference materials for dissolved organic carbon, trace metals, and nutrients. The widespread use of these various reference materials is playing a significant role in ensuring the comparability of ocean data from a variety of laboratories, thus enabling the data to be put to use in global studies.
Journal Article
بين الدين والعلم : تاريخ الصراع بينهما في القرون الوسطى إزاء علوم الفلك والجغرافيا والنشوء
يطرح هذا الكتاب السؤال القديم الجديد هل ثمة عداء بين الدين بنصوصه الثابتة والعلم بتطوره المستمر ؟ فيستعرض ثلاث قضايا علمية كبرى أحدثت ضجات تاريخية وهزت البلاط الكنسي في القرون الوسطى حتى وصلت باتهام أصحابها بالهرطقة والحكم عليهم بالموت ويعرض الفصل الأول النظريات العلمية في علم الفلك والكون وكيف تصادمت تلك النظريات آنذاك مع تفسيرات اللاهوتيين الظاهرة للنصوص الدينية المقدسة كما يعرض الفصل الثاني النظريات الحديثة عن جغرافية الأرض وتكوينها، تلك النظريات التي لقيت صدودا وحروبا لاهوتية شعواء وأخيرا يتطرق الكاتب إلى إحدى أهم النظريات التي أثارت جدلا كبيرا إلى الآن، وهي نظرية «التطور والنشوء» ؛ ليصل بالقارئ لنتيجة مفادها أن الصراع المزعوم هو فقط بين التفسيرات المتشددة للدين وبين العلم لا بين الدين والعلم عموما.
Book
Bacterial community dynamics as a result of growth-yield trade-off and multispecies metabolic interactions toward understanding the gut biofilm niche
Bacterial communities are ubiquitous, found in natural ecosystems, such as soil, and within living organisms, like the human microbiome. The dynamics of these communities in diverse environments depend on factors such as spatial features of the microbial niche, biochemical kinetics, and interactions among bacteria. Moreover, in many systems, bacterial communities are influenced by multiple physical mechanisms, such as mass transport and detachment forces. One example is gut mucosal communities, where dense, closely packed communities develop under the concurrent influence of nutrient transport from the lumen and fluid-mediated detachment of bacteria. In this study, we model a mucosal niche through a coupled agent-based and finite-volume modeling approach. This methodology enables us to model bacterial interactions affected by nutrient release from various sources while adjusting individual bacterial kinetics. We explored how the dispersion and abundance of bacteria are influenced by biochemical kinetics in different types of metabolic interactions, with a particular focus on the trade-off between growth rate and yield. Our findings demonstrate that in competitive scenarios, higher growth rates result in a larger share of the niche space. In contrast, growth yield plays a critical role in neutralism, commensalism, and mutualism interactions. When bacteria are introduced sequentially, they cause distinct spatiotemporal effects, such as deeper niche colonization in commensalism and mutualism scenarios driven by species intermixing effects, which are enhanced by high growth yields. Moreover, sub-ecosystem interactions dictate the dynamics of three-species communities, sometimes yielding unexpected outcomes. Competitive, fast-growing bacteria demonstrate robust colonization abilities, yet they face challenges in displacing established mutualistic systems. Bacteria that develop a cooperative relationship with existing species typically obtain niche residence, regardless of their growth rates, although higher growth yields significantly enhance their abundance. Our results underscore the importance of bacterial niche dynamics in shaping community properties and succession, highlighting a new approach to manipulating microbial systems.
Journal Article
بين الدين والعلم : تاريخ الصراع بينهما في القرون الوسطى إزاء علوم الفلك والجغرافيا والنشوء
يطرح هذا الكتاب السؤال القديم الجديد هل ثمة عداء بين الدين بنصوصه الثابتة والعلم بتطوره المستمر ؟ فيستعرض ثلاث قضايا علمية كبرى أحدثت ضجات تاريخية وهزت البلاط الكنسي في القرون الوسطى حتى وصلت باتهام أصحابها بالهرطقة والحكم عليهم بالموت ويعرض الفصل الأول النظريات العلمية في علم الفلك والكون وكيف تصادمت تلك النظريات آنذاك مع تفسيرات اللاهوتيين الظاهرة للنصوص الدينية المقدسة كما يعرض الفصل الثاني النظريات الحديثة عن جغرافية الأرض وتكوينها، تلك النظريات التي لقيت صدودا وحروبا لاهوتية شعواء وأخيرا يتطرق الكاتب إلى إحدى أهم النظريات التى أثارت جدلا كبيرا إلى الآن، وهي نظرية «التطور والنشوء»؛ ليصل بالقارئ لنتيجة مفادها أن الصراع المزعوم هو فقط بين التفسيرات المتشددة للدين وبين العلم لا بين الدين والعلم عموما.
Book
Simultaneous quantum yield measurements of carbon uptake and oxygen evolution in microalgal cultures
The photosynthetic quantum yield (Φ), defined as carbon fixed or oxygen evolved per unit of light absorbed, is a fundamental but rarely determined biophysical parameter. A method to estimate Φ for both net carbon uptake and net oxygen evolution simultaneously can provide important insights into energy and mass fluxes. Here we present details for a novel system that allows quantification of carbon fluxes using pH oscillation and simultaneous oxygen fluxes by integration with a membrane inlet mass spectrometer. The pHOS system was validated using Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultured with continuous illumination of 110 μmole quanta m-2 s-1 at 25°C. Furthermore, simultaneous measurements of carbon and oxygen flux using the pHOS-MIMS and photon flux based on spectral absorption were carried out to explore the kinetics of Φ in P. tricornutum during its acclimation from low to high light (110 to 750 μmole quanta m-2 s-1). Comparing results at 0 and 24 hours, we observed strong decreases in cellular chlorophyll a (0.58 to 0.21 pg cell-1), Fv/Fm (0.71 to 0.59) and maximum ΦCO2 (0.019 to 0.004) and ΦO2 (0.028 to 0.007), confirming the transition toward high light acclimation. The Φ time-series indicated a non-synchronized acclimation response between carbon uptake and oxygen evolution, which has been previously inferred based on transcriptomic changes for a similar experimental design with the same diatom that lacked physiological data. The integrated pHOS-MIMS system can provide simultaneous carbon and oxygen measurements accurately, and at the time-resolution required to resolve high-resolution carbon and oxygen physiological dynamics.
Journal Article